Cattle in the New World

JANUARY, 1936 ARIZONA HIGHWAYS Pass Early Government Policy Inspired Superhuman Efforts of Resistance

Death and become the most formidable and langerous enemy that the settlers of the Southwest had to contend against. For twelve long and harrowing years Cochise nd his band of bloodthirsty savages caried on the work of death and torture in Arizona and only ceased when their eader became old and broken in health. Cochise, at the end, appeared to be well atisfied with the revenge he had exacted or his wrongs. His favorite resting lace was at Apache Pass, where he ould easily attack weak parties of emirants on their way to California. If the ide of battle went against him, as somemes happened, he generally fled across Sulphur Spring Valley to his stronghold the Dragoon Mountains, where pursuit was almost impossible. At the beginning f the Civil War, the Federal Government withdrew its troops from what is ow Southern Arizona, and many of hose who had settled in the regioneing thus left to the mercy of roving ands of Apaches, lawless desperadoes nd Sonoran cut-throats-quickly folowed the example set by the military uthorities and escaped to safer localities. he hostile Indians-Ignorant of the Gov- -nment's tribulations-believed that they ad at last succeeded in driving out the ntire white population. As a consenence they became bolder and more murderous than ever and fell upon small arties traveling along the lonely highays and cut them to pieces. It was meir boast at the time, and is still a egendary belief, that they had overcome ne military power of the United States. uch was the Apache situation in what now Southern Arizona at the breaking at of the Civil War.

Soon after the beginning of that moentous struggle, which was to rock the ery foundations of the Union, a roving and of Texan irregulars-ragged and disciplined-crossed into Arizona and, February 28, 1862, took possession of ucson. In the meantime Federal troops ere being recruited in California and ere soon on the march to Arizona. pon the approach of the western troops, e Confederates evacuated Tucson and treated towards the Rio Grande. The alifornians entered the town on May 20, 62, and, following in the wake of the treating enemy, were forced to fight a esperate engagement with the warriors Mangas Coloradas and Cochise at pache Pass before they could continue the pursuit. The Apache leaders, having a united force of some 700 warriorswell armed and advantageously posteddetermined to give battle to the advancing California troops and to hold the pass against them.

The crossing of the San Pedro became a concentrating point for the California Volunteers, where a large adobe building and adjoining corrals in fairly good condition, erected by the Overland Stage Company, furnished shelter and a defensible position; between the San Pedro and Apache Pass, the first water was at Dragoon Springs, thirty miles from the river; thirty-five miles east of Dragoon Springs was Ewell's Station, a dry camping place; and fifteen miles farther east was Apache Pass with its unfailing water supply. Dragoon Springs were located about two miles to the south of the overland road, up a deep and dangerous canyon, where the Apaches could easily stage an ambush; wagons could be driven to within a mile of the springs and animals then led to water; aside from being a dangerous camping site, the supply of water at Dragoon Springs was never certain.

Captain Thomas Roberts, of the Infantry, and Captain John C. Cremony, of the Cavalry, were in command of the advance troops pushing their way slowly eastward towards the Rio Grande. A long train of wagons loaded with military stores was also a part of this forward section of the California column. It being necessary to learn if Dragoon Springs contained enough water to supply all of the advance troops at one time, Captain Roberts set out with three wagons, his Infantry, and seven troopers of Captain Cremony's Cavalry to determine the situation. He reached Dragoon Springs without incident and sent back two troopers to Captain Cremony with word that there was an abundance of water at Dragoon Springs for their entire outfit and to push through with the wagon train. When Captain Cremony arrived at Dragoon Springs, Captain Roberts then set out for the next water at Apache Pass, leaving Captain Cremony to follow (Continued on Page 20)

12 ARIZONA HIGHWAYS JANUARY, 1936

ARIZONA HIGHWAYS

Published in the Interest of Good Roads by the ARIZONA HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT JOHN C. MCPHEE, Editor CIVILIZATION FOLLOWS THE IMPROVED HIGHWAY

Vol. XII JANUARY, 1936 No. 1

B. B. MOEUR, Governor of Arizona ARIZONA STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION SHELTON G. DOWELL. E. C. SEALE. Chairman, Douglas Commissioner, Prescott J. W. ANGLE, JACOB BARTH. Vice-Chairman. Tucson Commissioner, St. Johns C. E. ADDAMS, C. C. JARRETT. Commissioner, Phoenix Secretary. Mesa A. L. WINSETT, Assistant Attorney General, Special Counsel SID SMYTH. GENERAL OFFICE T. S. O'CONNELL, State Highway Engineer Deputy State Engineer D. B. HUTCHINS. J. S. MILLS, Vehicle Superintendent Engineer of Estimates R. A. HOFFMAN. H. C. HATCHER, Bridge Engineer Statistical Engineer E. V. MILLER. W. M. MURRAY, Engineer of Plans Superintendent of Stores J. W. POWERS. M. L. WHEELER, Engineer of Materials Chief Accountant W. L. CARPENTER, C. R. MCDOWELL. Superintendent of Equipment Patrol Superintendent SWAN A. ERICKSON. A. C. SIEBOTH, Engineer of Certification Right-of-Way Agent W. S. FRERICHS, Purchasing Agent GEORGE B. SHAFFER, FIELD ENGINEERS R. C. PERKINS, District Engineer District Engineer District No. 1 District No. 3 F. N. GRANT, W. R. HUTCHINS, District Engineer District Engineer District No. 2 District No. 4 PERCY JONES Chief Locating Engineer

ROAD BUILDERS

Michael Fairless has immortalized the roadmender. I wish to speak kindly of the ones who build roads in the first place. The past few weeks I have passed over roads being built. Hundreds of men have been at work converting a road that has been dusty and rough into one that will soon be smooth and dustless, winding through a lovely countryside, along lakes and woodland, promising jobs to untold thousands.

The road builder does not build for himself. Neither does the taxpayer pay for himself. The beautiful paved road is for the many, for the stranger, as well as for the one who feels that it belongs to him, for he travels it day after day to work.

We share in every drop of sweat that the road builder spends. He draws his pay and perhaps forgets the days of hard labor, but a part of him rests in the road. And we who travel it from time to time may well think of what he has put into it. Carelessly we travel the lovely road. Little do we think of the time when it was a mere path or a trail that took hours to go but a few miles upon. Now our cars have little consideration for all that has gone to make it such a joy, with beauty lining its sides. After the road is built, the road builders scatter to their homes or to other work. Their work, however, remains. Life should ever be a proposition of sharing. One builds. One pays. One enjoys. The effort of each enters into the final arrangement, however. Each contributes. Mind and muscle be come brothers.

I have driven over a wonderful road that leads along the Pacific Ocean. I have driven over a road that winds across the mighty Rocky Mountains. I have driven over roads that climbed mountains and that have led me through the most beautiful of valleys and across plains, through thick woodland, and rocky coasts and always the thought has come to me: How did this road happen? Who built it? Why was it put here?

The road builders are silent heroes. Their names appear in no histories or extended accounts. They just work and finish their job and pass on to another. Through rocks they cut, through muddy passes, and around dangerous corners. We wonder how they accomplish some of their wonders, and we silently honor them but their toil is concealed in the pride they had in doing a good job.

Related to the pioneer who clears the forest for a home and a farm is the one who builds the road to his doorstep! - George Matthew Adams.

WHAT CONGRESS OUGHT TO DO

Highway officials, contractors and John Public should interest themselves immediately in the matter of continuing appropriations for highway construction, now that the new Congress is well under way. There is no single factor 1001 conducive to the national program of progress than to assure by law that every state may depend upon and plan accordingly on the basis of federal highway aid. ARIZONA HIGHWAYS urges its readers in other states to impress upon their congressmen and representatives the tremendous good that would come from a stable program of federal finance for highways.

HIGHWAY HEADACHES

TIME IS QUEER STUFF-THERE'S PLENTY OF IT IN MOST PLACES, BUT IN FRONT OF A SPEEDING CAR WITH A LOOSE NUT AT THE WHEEL-THERE'S VERY LITTLE OF THE STUFF