Arizona Highway Commission Notes

JANUARY, 1937 ARIZONA HIGHWAYS 15 Arizona Highway Commission Notes

December 16, 1936 The Arizona State Highway Commission met in special session in their offices in the Highway Building at 11:00A. M., December 16, 1936. Those present were: Chairman Dowell, Vice-Chairman Angle who arrived at approximately 12:30 P. M., Commissioners Barth and Seale, also the State Engineer, the Secretary and Assistant Attorney General A. I. Winsett. Commissioner Addams was absent.

Awarding of the contract on the Winslow-Flagstaff Highway, F. A. P. 81, 2nd Reo. (1937) A. F. E. 6671.

State Engineer O'Connell recommended, subject to the approval of the Bureau of Public Roads, that the contract on the Winslow-Flagstaff Highway, F. A. P. 6.,2nd Reo. (1937) A. F. E. 6671, be awarded to the low bidder, the Phoenix-Tempe Stone Company, in the amount of $84,000.12. It was regularly moved by Commissioner Barth, seconded by Commissioner Seale, and unanimously carried, that the recommendation of the State Engineer be accepted and the contract be awarded, subject to the approval of the Bureau of Public Roads to the low bidder, the Phoenix-Tempe Stone Company, in the amount of $84,000.12.

The State Engineer presented correspondence received relative to the use of the existing highway through the Fort Huachuca Reservation. Correspondence presented and read consisted of a wire from Commanding General Brees of the Eighth Corps, Area, Ft. Sam Houston, Texas. transmitted in a letter from Wade D. Killen, Captain 25th Infantry, Adjutant, Fort Huachuca, Arizona. General Brees' wire stated a distinct understanding should be had with state officials as to road maintenance and it should be incorporated in license to use the existing road across the Huachuca Reservation, and Captain Killen's communication asked if the State would accept a license to use the existing highway with the provision that the Secretary of War may revoke at will; also what provisions for maintenance are acceptable to the State to be incorporated in such license.

State Engineer O'Connell answered the communications stating that inasmuch as the request for a license to use the existing highway through the reservation originated with the Bureau of Public Roads, that portion of the letter giving the suggestions of the Corps Headquarters was transmitted to them, and the portion concerning the maintenance of the road was being referred to the Highway Commission, due to the fact that the laws of the State of Arizona will not allow the Highway Department to take roads over for maintenance until they have been taken into the State Highway System, which can be done only at the beginning of the fiscal year, which begins July 1st. This latter portion was also referred to the Attorney General for his opinion on whether or not a road can be taken into the State Highway System when the Highway Department will have only limited control over such road. Mr. Winsett, Assistant Attorney General, requested further time to go into the situ-ation, and he was asked to present anopinion on the matter at the next meet-ing of the Commission.

Mr. A. C. Sieboth, Right of Way Engineer, presented to the Commission anapplication from the Western ManagedFarms Company for a lease of three parcels of land, approximately five acres ineach, located at the intersection of therailway and the Florence highway duenorth of Coolidge. State Engineer O'Connell informed the Commission that if theydesired to give the requested lease, theyshould first receive the concurrence ofthe Bureau of Public Roads inasmuch asthe Department showed certain right ofways when application was made forFederal Aid on that road, and the show-ing of those right of ways, entitled theState to a certain amount of Federalfunds. Upon the State Engineer's statement, it was unanimously agreed by theCommission that the application be denied.

A claim from Mr. Earl Platt of St.Johns, Arizona, was presented. Mr.Platt stated that certain cattle belongingto H. J. Platt, William Richey and Mariano Chavez were mired in an oil pit be-longing to the State Highway Department and the original claim of $50 perhead for three head of cattle and $50 perhead for two yearling Hereford bulls hadbeen assigned to H. J. Platt, who hadauthorized him (Mr. Earl Platt) to settlein full for the sum of $175, providing,the claim was acted upon and paid immediately. It was regularly moved byCommissioner Barth, seconded by Commissioner Seale, and unanimously carried. that the claim of H. J. Platt and ofWilliam Richey be paid but that the claimof Mariano Chavez be denied, and further that the Assistant Attorney General,Mr. A. I. Winsett, advise the Departmentthe fund out of which this claim may bepaid.

The Commission went into executive session during which, Commissioner Angle arrived, and met again in open session at 1:00 P. M., all members present except Commissioner Addams.

The right-of-way claim of Clara J.Francey and Robert E. Francey of Vernon, Arizona, whose property is located on the Showlow-Springerville Highway, was next considered.

Commissioner Angle brought up for consideration of the Commission the re-quest of Mr. Ross Campbell of Tucson,that he be given permission to move overthe highwav a frame house from 3rd roadsouth of Marana to Prince Road, fourmiles north of Tucson. After discussion,it was regularly moved by CommissionerSeale, seconded by Commissioner Angle,and unanimously carried, that the re-quested permission be granted, provided,it is done under the proper supervision.

Mr. A. C. Sieboth, Right-of-Way Engineer, stated he had been requested by theCity Engineer of Tucson to make application for permit, in behalf of the Daughters of the American Revolution, to placea monument at the junction of the Tucson-Nogales and Tucson Vail Highways.

Chairman Dowell stated the proper wayto present this request would be to submit a sketch of the proposed monumentand a formal application for permit. Noaction was taken on the request.

The Commission went into executivesession and met again in open session at1:45 P. M., all members present exceptCommissioner Addams.

A communication transmitting application to use the state highway in connection with the proposed Safford WaterWorks system from Mr. F. B. Jacobson,Town Clerk of Safford, was presented.Mr. Stuart Bailey acted as the representative of the Town Clerk. Furthertime to consider the application was requested and Mr. Bailey was asked to havethe City of Safford to send in a sketchshowing the right of way desired in orderthat it might be referred to the PlansDivision. The matter was continued overuntil the next meeting.

A letter from His Excellency, Governor B. B. Moeur, acknowledging receiptof the Resolution of Respect adopted bythe Commission at their meeting November 20th, was read.

There being no further business tocome before the Commission, it was regularly moved, seconded and carried, thatthey adjourn at 2:00 P. M., December 16,1936, to meet again at the call of theChairman.

December 29, 1936 The Arizona State Highway Commission met in special session in their offices in the Highway Building at 9:00a. m., December 29, 1936. Those presentwere: Chairman Dowell, Vice-ChairmanAngle, Commissioners Addams and Seale,also the State Engineer, the Secretaryand Assistant Attorney General A. I.Winsett and Attorney A. R. Lynch. Commissioner Barth was absent.

State Engineer O'Connell recommended, subject to the approval of the Bureauof Public Roads, that the contract on theBenson-Douglas Highway, (Bisbee Sts.)-F.A. 11-B (1937)-A.F.E. 8003, beawarded to the low bidder, the Phoenix-Tempe Stone Company, in the amountof $26,028.20. It was regularly moved byCommissioner Angle, seconded by Commissioner Addams, and unanimously carried, that the recommendation of theState Engineer be accepted.

A. C. Seiboth, Right of Way Engineer,submitted an application from C. J.Moody, Project Engineer of the U. S.Office of Indian Affairs, Irrigation Serv-ice, Coolidge, requesting permission toinstall on the state highway property,within the borrow pit north of the Flor-ence Coolidge highway a transmissionline, which they propose moving from thesouth edge of this borrow pit and re-locating near the north boundary of thearea. It was regularly moved by Com-missioner Addams, seconded by Commis-sioner Seale, and unanimously carried,that the application be disallowed.

Attorney Winsett was asked for a report on the settlement of the claim ofClara J. and Robert E. Francey, Vernon,Arizona, involving right of way on theShowlow-Springerville Highway. He re-ported that he had contacted C. B. Wilson, counsel for the Franceys and hadbeen advised that settlement would beaccepted, providing the following itemswere taken care of: 1. Smoothing out of the drainage ditch in front of the house. 2. The filling up of several test pits, dug by the Materials Department. 3. The construction of a dyke and the placement of a head-gate at a certain point.

Mr. Winsett also reported that he hadconferred with H. S. Wright, resident engineer at Vernon, Arizona, on these requests and was advised by him that theywould cost approximately $90.08 and thatthey should be done for the protection.of our highway.

On being questioned as to whether ornot the engineering department approvedof the changes recommended, DistrictEngineer F. N. Grant said they did, andit was regularly moved by CommissionerAngle, seconded by Commissioner Seale,and unanimously carried, that the threeitems mentioned in the attorney general'sreport be carried out, and that the expense, as stipulated, be in the amount of$90.08. Later in the meeting, H. C. Hat-cher, statistical engineer, through A. I.Winsett, informed the commission thatthe contractor on this project will haveto do this work.

State Engineer O'Connell presented amemorandum from Fred M. Guirey,Landscape Resident Engineer, concern-ing the planting of trees at gas stations,stores, etc., adjacent to the highway inarid districts. These trees are to be fur-nished and installed free by the land-scape division upon the receipt of a writ-ten guarantee by the property ownerproviding for their future watering andmaintenance. The trees will afford shadeto the traveling public as well as to screenoff many unsightly conditions existingalong the highways. The estimated costwill be about thirty-five cents per treeinstalled. Commissioner Angle asked howmuch this expense would amount to indue course of time and also whether ornot the department can legally spend thismoney off of the right of way. Mr. Guireystated the department could put in about2,000 trees a year without additional costas the maintenance men will be travelingin the sections in which the trees will beplanted, and it takes but a very few hoursto put them in; the growing of the treesis a negligible item. The trees are to befurnished from the small nursery oper-ated by the department and additionaltrees may be obtained rapidly from thesoil conservation agencies without cost.

Commissioner Addams brought up thematter of maintaining a nursery on stateland and suggested that state land aroundthe state hospital be used for this pur-pose. Further discission was had on thematter as presented by Mr. Guirey, dur-ing which Commissioner Addams left theroom, and it was regularly moved byCommissioner Seale, seconded by Com-missioner Angle, and carried, Com. Addams, absent, that the landscape residentengineer, Fred M. Guirey, be authorizedto plant these trees as suggested following the procedure outlined by himafter obtaining the necessary easementsfor the land on which the trees are to beIlanted, providing all expense comes out

ARIZONA HIGHWAYS

of the landscape division's budget, andproviding the legality of same is approved by the attorney general.

Afternoon Session

The commission reconvened at 2:15 p.m., December 29, 1936, all members present except Commissioners Barth and Addams.

A. C. Seiboth, right of way engineer, informed the commission that he had served the Central Arizona Light and Power Company with formal notice to remove their poles from the right of way near Peoria, by January 9, 1937. The commission endorsed Mr. Seiboth's action.

A request from F. R. Bradley of Las Vegas, Nev., to move fifty houses over the Arizona Highway from Boulder City to Kingman, Arizona, was presented. It was regularly moved by Commissioner Seale, seconded by Commissioner Angle, and unanimously carried, that Mr. Bradley be given permission to move two houses over the highway from the Arizona state line to Kingman, Arizona, providing same is done under state supervision; the granting of permission to move the balance of the houses over the highway, will be based upon the manner in which these two are moved.

Fred M. Guirey reported on the request of the Tovrea Packing Company to be permitted to erect an informative bulletin board in the vetrax of the angle formed by the intersection of East Van Burean and East Washington streets on the Phoenix-Tempe highway, stating the property on which they wish to place the sign was given to the city of Tempe by the U. S. National Park Service, to be held in deed. This land was given for the purpose of recreational developments and the fact is mentioned in the deed, that it shall never be used for commercial enterprise. The secretary was requested to inform the Tovrea Packing Company

December 30, 1936

The commission met at 8:30 a. m., December 30, 1936, in their offices in the Highway Building. Those present were: Chairman Dowell, Vice-Chairman Angle, Commissioner Seale, also the State Engineer, the Secretary and Assistant Attorney General A. I. Winsett and Attorney A. R. Lynch. Commissioners Addams and Barth were absent.

Drafts of proposed legislation were submitted to the commission for their examination and consideration. After making certain changes, which were noted on the drafts submitted, the proposed legislation was approved by the commission.

State Engineer O'Connell called to the attention of the commission that in Section 1578, of the Revised Code of Arizona 1928, it is required that prior to the last Monday in May of each year, the tax commission of the state and the state engineer, shall meet at the office of the tax commission and estimate the amounts of revenue, separately stated by name, that will accrue to the department under the provisions of this chapter and from every other including any unexpected and unincumbered balance remaining in the fund from the preceding fiscal year, and on said date shall certify to the highway commission and to the auditor and treasurer of the state the amount of suchestimates, etc. The state engineer pointedout that this was in the days of the MillTax, but when the Mill Tax was removed,this portion of the law was never re-moved. He requested that the commissionauthorize the drawing up of proposed leg-islation that would correct this and re-quest the state engineer only to make hisestimate and so on to the highway com-mission. It was regularly moved by Com-missioner Angle, seconded by Commis-sioner Seale, and carried, that the stateengineer's request be granted.

JANUARY, 1937

State Engineer O'Connell also broughtout that under the Rayden-CartwrightBill the secondary money has to bematched and in case the Federal Govern-ment insists that a certain percentageshould go off of the state highway sys-tem, there is no law permitting the stateto spend funds off the state highwaysystem. In view of this, it was regularlymoved by Commissioner Seale, secondedby Commissioner Angle, and carried, thatthe attorneys prepare and submit a pro-posed bill to enable the highway depart-ment to let contracts and supervise theexecution of those contracts, off of thehighway system, on county roads, inorder for the counties to have advantageof the possible federal grants of funds,which must be matched by the countiesunder provisions of the federal aid actand amendments thereof.

It was regularly moved by Commis-sioner Angle, seconded by CommissionerSeale, and carried, that the Right of WayEngineer, A. C. Sieboth, be authorizedto enter a mandamus suit in Pinal county,against the county recorder of Pinalcounty, for the filing of highway papersat the legal rate.

The attorneys were also requested bythe commission to draft sections pertaining to the zoning of highways; housetrailers, and the dimming of lights, to bepresented to the commission at their nextmeetings.

There being nothing further to come before the commission at this time, it was regularly moved, seconded, and carried, that they adjourn at 6:00 p. m., December 30, 1936, to meet again at 10:00 a. m. January 6, 1937.

Our New Governor

(Continued from page 2) the same things for many decades, made bows and arrows and thereby had the instruments and weapons for long hours of hunting along the Verde river and eastward into the hills. It was no novelty for Stanford to shoot jackrabbits from horseback and cry out in the guttural Maricopa tongue of his playmates his pride and joy of the hunt. Then there came punching cattle, working on the Murray and Smith ranch, but such was tiresome work and lacking of opportunity. So young Stanford contrived to save money and attend a few sessions of school at the Territorial Normal School in Tempe and Stanford University in California, (named after the pioneer railroad builder who was not

JANUARY, 1937 Immediately put our Materials Engineer to work to take the "bugs" out of the early designs. We have accomplished a great deal, but with our refinements our costs mounted alarmingly. Also, we found that we had in some cases a first class roof on a very poor foundation. We then started after the foundation, and we are still after it. On our new construction, it's comparatively simple. Before a contract is let, the terrain adjacent to the construction project is prospected by the laboratory and suitable material is imported to make the fills. The fact that we now are designing for safety by abolishing the old-fashioned side borrow with its dangerous barrow-pit helps to reconcile us to the added cost of this method of construction. On our old construction, it's not so simple. However, with practically the whole profession studying the problems of subgrade stabilization, the time is not far distant when some cheap method will be formulated that can be used in this section of the country.

Our greatest problem in this day of speed is adequate design for present day traffic. You have heard often enough that road design is ten years behind the automobile that it takes a decade to change a road design, and only one year for the automotive industry to change the design of a car. All this is, in the main, true. However, two large factors are not taken into consideration insofar as highway design is concerned-public opinion and finances. To illustrate, five years ago complaint was made to Washington that this Department was overdesigning, that we were wasting state money in abandoning old roads and building new ones alongside the old ones. We were investigated and, I am happy to say, exonerated. But the particular road that started the investigation is by today's standards obsolete as to width and side slopes, and in some instances as to sight distances on vertical curves, but the condition of our road surfaces were such that the public was kicking. They wanted more "oil roads" and our finances were such that we could not make them fool-proof from a safety point of view, and at the same time meet the public demand for dustless roads. In addition to this, the cost of maintenance on the gravel roads was breaking us. Our first problem was, therefore, to get the public out of the dust, and at the same time create a demand for safer roads by gradually building to higher standards each year.

There have been several articles upon Adequate Design of Highways for Present Day Standards and much demand by authorities for safer construction.

ARIZONA HIGHWAYS

Mr. Baldock, State Highway Engineer of Oregon, presented one, and a good one, before the meeting of this Society at Portland last summer. Mr. Toms, Chief of the Division of Design, wrote one which appears in the April issue of "American Highways," the official publication of the American Association of State Highway Officials, which, in my mind, covers the subject better than any I've ever read. There is one more thought I wish to leave with you before I leave the subject of design of roads and their lagging behind the design of automobiles. We hear so often that the automotive engineers have accomplished all that they can in building safety in cars. In the same breath, the same authorities state that about four times the number of fatal accidents happen at night; therefore, we must design highways with wider traffic lanes and with a neutral zone between the flow of traffic going in opposite directions, that we must light our highways by modern methods of sodium vapor or mercury vapor lights. The Highway Departments are doing both at an enormous cost as to right of way for the additional width necessary for the neutral zone, (The Arizona Highway Department is now preparing for its first project to be built north of Tucson) and also at a great cost for maintenance of the proper lighting.

However, there is only a limited mileage in this state where the traffic would justify this expense and which has the facilities for lighting. How about the rest of the state mileage that cannot be lighted? Don't you think that before the automotive industry placed such a burden on the Highway Engineers by turning out cars capable of doing 100 miles an hour, that they should have placed their enormous resources to the development of a safer lighting system, as they did their braking system? Please don't get the idea that I'm in favor of limiting speeds on highways. I am not, but I do believe that, up to the present time, enough attention has not been paid by the industry to this phase of their design of automobiles.

I stated above that in 1931 we obtained from Congress our first emergency appropriation, which was to be reimbursed over a period of five years by annual deductions of regular Federal-aid, and also with the proviso that the money was to be expended before September 1, 1931, under the theory, I suppose, that the depression would be over that summer. In 1932 there was a second emergency bill passed, allowing additional funds for highway construction. These funds could only be advanced for work performed prior to July 1, 1933, and like all

19

The preceding appropriations could only be expended on the 7% System. The regular Federal-aid authorization was discontinued after July 1, 1933. In the fiscal year 1933-1934, money was appropriated under the National Industrial Recovery Act passed in June, 1933. This was the first act which allowed the expenditure of funds off of the 7% System. In 1934 congress passed the Hayden-Cartwright Act providing $200,000,000 to be expended under the same conditions as the N. I. R. A. of the previous year inasmuch as it allowed the expenditure of funds off the 7% System. It further recognized the fact that no highway department could plan an orderly program of construction of roads under yearly authorization and appropriations by reinstating regular Federal-aid for the fiscal years ending June. 1936, and June, 1937. Then in April, 1935 there was passed the now famous "Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935" which appropriated the largest amount of federal funds in the history of the country in the amount of $4,800,000,000; $800,000,000 of which was earmarked for the construction of roads and grade separations both on and off the 7% System. The president, however, under authority granted him in the Act, reduced this to $500,000,000; $100,000,000 of which was used to pay indebtedness incurred under the previous year's authorization of $200,000,000. Last year Congress authorized the appropriation of regular Federal-aid for the fiscal years ending July 1, 1938 and July 1, 1939 to be expended on the 7% System. It also recognized the demand for Federal-aid in the construction of roads off the 7% System and for the elimination of grade crossings by authorizing monies for these purposes. During this period, recognizing the need for construction through cities, and also recognizing the fact that the old limitation of $15,000 a mile federal participation on construction was insufficient for modern standards of construction, the limitations as to the size of towns in which Federalaid was the $15,000 a mile limitation of federal participation. While congress was increasing Federalaid during the years of depression, our state finances were not so good. You will remember that in the fiscal year 1933 the property tax was removed. In addition to that, from 1930 on, the motor vehicle and gas tax revenues were decreasing, making it hard for this department to take advantage of federal funds provided; for though in theory the federal funds were a 100% grant, yet in practice inasmuch as they were prohib

ited by law to pay for rights of way and, too, as there were certain items or overhead not allowable, the actual cost to the state was from 15% to 25%.

We are now back to normal years as far as construction is concerned. Though the state funds are on the upgrade, the federal participation, with the exception of the inclusion of additional funds for secondary roads and elimination of grade crossings, is back to that of normal years. For that reason, and also the fact that we must provide for the public's welfare by building, as far as we possibly can, safety in our Highway System, the next five years will probably not show the same percentage in miles of highway improvement as the last five years.

The federal government, through the Bureau of Public Roads, the Forestry Department, and the National Park Service, have in the past fifteen years been also constructing highways which fit very closely into the state highway system. Although the roads constructed on national reservations are of great importance to the federal agencies constructing them, from an administrative point of view, they may be considered, except as they serve as much needed links to the state highway system, as purely recreational. Arizona, as all other western states, is endowed with great natural beauty together with an interesting historical background. Most of these points of interest are located on federal reservations, so the federal government should be encouraged to not only continue but to enlarge their program of road construction with the idea of making more and more of these points of interest accessible to the public.

I wish to express my sincere appreciation of the contractors of this state for their fine cooperation during a most trying period. Due to the fact that highway construction afforded best and quickest means of placing men to work on permanent public improvements, they were required to break up their organizations and place in many instances men skilled in highway construction with men of little or no skill.

High School Essay

(Continued from page 14) ed mountain road must allow for this condition and drive accordingly so must the driver who is fatigued by a long trip realize that his reactions, judgment of speed and distance are not up to par. Most of the factors contributing to accidents can be evercome by good driving habits and by that we mean driving care-

ARIZONA HIGHWAYS JANUARY, 1937

fully, skillfully, and in full observance of all traffic regulations.

Phoenix Union High School is among the first to pioneer a driving course as a part of its school curriculum. This course is designed to teach the student to drive carefully and skillfully; to be considerate of the rights of others; to learn and to obey traffic laws, regulations, and signs, and to take an active interest in the police and their enforcement of traffic regulations and to realize that good law enforcement builds up sentiment for better and safer driving.

It is to be hoped that other schools will follow this progressive step for we all know that accidents don't just happen but are caused and therefore can be prevented. It is up to Youth to make the nation prevention minded. With proper help they will accept this challenge and make the highways safe for travel.

Agricultural Pioneers

From the Onate expedition to the time of Father Kino, there was little contact with Spanish missionaires and explorers with the native Indian tribes of Arizona. It is known though, that the trade relations of the Indians of the Gila and San Pedro with the settlers along the Rio Grande continued until about 1680, or to the historic period known as the Pueblo Revolt.

The Onate expedition in 1598, established seven mission districts but it does not appear to be certain that any were established in what is now Arizona, though it seems certain that some of the friars visited the Hopi Indians.

In 1629 the first real missions in either Arizona or California were established, among the Hopi Indians. Probably the first and the best known was begun at Awatobi. This has been but a ruin for many years, but excavations have disclosed proof to substantiate the brief records left by the priests and the legends of the Hopis. This mission was established August 20, 1629, and named San Bernardino, in honor of that Saint whose birthday it was. Father Parras, who established the mission, remained in charge until 1633 and in that year was poisoned by the natives. This and other missions established about this time were practically continuous until the Pueblo revolt in 1680.

Recorded history of these missions is brief and fragmentary. It is known that around the missions, orchards, vineyards and gardens were planted. Agriculture among the Pueblo Indians was greatly influenced by the teaching of these early missionaires. When these missions were destroyed, the orchards and gardens remained. The new fruits and crops were firmly established among the natives. The religious teaching was by no means wholly lost and a few years after the rebellion, was reestablished.

The influence of these missions in the north had but little bearing on the agriculture of the Salt and Gila Valleys though there was at all times trading carried on, and probably some exchange of seeds from the orchards and gardens of the northern missions to the settlement of the Pimas, and other related tribes. These missions, though, are of more interest from a historical standpoint than because of any great progress in the development of agriculture in what is now the large agricultural areas of the state. It should be something for Arizona people to remember that the establishment of these missions antedated the mission work in southern Arizona by sixty years or more, and it was 140 years after the founding of the first missions of Arizona before the beginning of missionary work in California.

Arizona Safety Council Notes

(Continued from Page 14) state council office should, in our opinion be passed on: "The driver's license of a prominent resident of an eastern city had been temporarily revoked for reckless driving, but had been restored upon his promise to drive more carefully. A short time later, he was involved in an "accident" which resulted in the death of a child. Here is the report of his conversation with the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles when he was called for an investigation: "How did this accident happen?"

"I was driving at about forty miles per hour. I first saw the child about 175 feet ahead of my car. Her back was toward me and she was stooping over as if looking for something."

"The speed limit on that street is twenty miles per hour. What did you do when you saw this girl?"

"I blew my horn."

"As you came closer and saw the girl did not move, what did you do?"

"I blew my horn twice-in fact, when I hit her, I guess I blew my horn several times!"

"That said the Commissioner, "is about as close to murder as you could possibly come."

With your cooperation we can make our highways safe.

It is not smart to be reckless. Think first-start your car second.

JANUARY, 1937 Arizona's Opportunity

Finally, Borglum's world-wide experience, his uncompromising insistance on truthfulness, historical accuracy, and honesty in every detail, made him the ideal man to outline a suggestive program.

"You have in Arizona," said the sculptor, "the greatest and most unique op-portunity in America. You have here the succession of four or five cultures of civilization, one after another. You have a country greatly favored by Nature, where it has been possible for man to live and develop since the dawn of man. You should tell the world about it.

"In planning to do this you should co-operate with New Mexico, West Texas, and Mexico. New Mexico and West Texas are already much interested, both at work formulating their plans, and both ready to work with you. You have many good civic organizations, each doing its own work in its own community. Doubtless each of them will be will-ing to cooperate, but this is a big job, statewide at the beginning, and as wide as the whole Southwest, and you should plan accordingly.

"Don't start out to carve a memorial on a mountain," continued Borglum. "Memorials, you know, should be on a scale commensurate with the importance to the world and the race of the events commemorated. Perhaps you have such an epic. Perhaps you will find that you need a number of smaller memorials, located at various points.

"Probably you will need a number of great pageants, at various places in the State, each commemorating some important culture, some important event, some important civilization, all coordinated with the plans of your neighbor so that, by working together, you can attract to the Southwest in 1940-the four-hundredth anniversary of the Coronado Expedition-the major portion of the 600,000 carloads of tourists who are annually traveling over the country, seeking diversion and entertainment."

As the result of Borglum's suggestions, the formation of the Arizona Historic Memorials was immediately started with a few prominent Phoenicians. During the ensuing months, through personal contacts and by correspondence, statewide membership has been enrolled. At a conference recently held by Mr. Borglum and the writer with civic and university leaders in Tucson, the cooperation of the Southern half of the state was assured.

It was following the original meeting with Borglum that he made the suggestion that has captured the hearts and stir-red the imagination of leaders in this movement throughout the Southwest. He suggested that, as the leading attraction of the Cuarto-Centennial celebration, that we re-create, with historical accuracy the Coronado Expedition itself, and have it travel, in the same way, over the same route.

"It has struck me as a curious, and to Arizona a remarkably advantage fact, that Coronado entered the territory of what is now the United States through Southern Arizona, and traveled northward at least a third of the state's length before his course led him into New Mexico," he said.

"This fact reminds me of the OBLIGATION this puts upon Arizona, not only to be a part as I know is your purpose -in the Cuarto-Centennial celebration of the Coronado Expidition that has been started by New Mexico; but that much of the charm, much of the initiative, much of the spirit of the revived life of this great historic figure, will depend upon the knowledge, the taste, the art understanding, that Arizona lends to this great undertaking.

"The cavalcade reproducing the Coronado Expedition will number two to three hundred soldiers of the Spanish type, with several priests, and hundreds of Indians. It will be mostly mounted, and the horses will bear as close a resemblance a possible to the Andulasian Barb. The accoutrements must be genuine, accurately made from authentic Spanish data. The men in the Expidition must be Latin. The Priests must be genuine, to help make the great march-pageant convincing and impressive. Actual religious services should be an inevitable part of the march, of the encampments, and depicting the relations with the Indians.

"The great question that occurs to me is, 'What part should Arizona play in what can be and will be and become the greatest, most colorful, most romantic and historic pageant ever developed in America.' "Coronado's route will be accurately determined, and within the visible limit-ations of that route, and in all nearby territory, only the life of 1540 should be seen. Outside these barriers the world of our day must remain . It is difficult for me to resist the detailed painting of the beauty of all this, in the morning and evening light, as they cross the desert and the mountains, in the night camps, the ever-present ancient religious life.

"I want to reiterate, to warn and impress upon you in Arizona, that while New Mexico has inaugurated the celebration, and has shown you the way, has awakened interest in the great pages of your historic and pre-historic life-it rests with you to remember, that in join-ing with her in this great Southwest drama, that whatever you do, do it honestly, perfectly, beautifully.

"Keep the showmen, the circus element, out of it. Make truth, history, and the charm of real and great drama your goal. America and the world-will hear of your purpose, will visit you, and will linger with you. Keep claptrap out of your pageantry. Keep professional and habitual show directors away. Return to life and the nature of human expression as it is, and more truthfully and honestly as it was, in dramatization and personnel. Do this, and if it is done sternly, as the great historic pageants of Europe are produced, you can set a greatly needed and wholesome standard for the out-of-door drama in America."

The Winslow Underpass

(Continued from page 10) 56 by alignment changes. Yet, this is far from the last one that will ever be completed.

"From 1914 to 1918 the countries of the world engaged in a bloody and inhumane war to make the world safe for democracy. Perhaps they succeeded, perhaps they failed. But we, the Highway Department of Arizona, wage eternal and silent warfare to make the highways safe for humanity. Our results must be positive, our errors negative. The highway fatalities up to date which already exceed those of all the wars that the United States has ever engaged in, show a decrease last year. This is the first time such a thing has happened since the advent of automobiles. But, the record in Arizona is a far different thing. We, in Arizona, have shown an increase in fatalities for another year. Perhaps it is because we are a baby state with a steadily increasing population and a hangover from the old devil-may-care attitude of our early settlers. Perhaps it is because we are situated in a flow of east-to-west traffic that is steadily increasing.

"At any rate, we may limit the causes of accidents to four basic factors; the driver, the car, the pedestrian, and the road. Let us find the most faulty. The pedestrian through necessity has become a careful individual who guards his life as being an item of value. The modern day automobiles are mechanically fool-proof and capable of tremendous speed if handled properly. In turn, the Highway Department is endeavoring to build and maintain roads to take care of that tre-mendous speed instilled in each car by the manufacturer and still build roads only according to the needs of traffic and the money available. We are therefore slowly eliminating three of the basic factors of our increasing highway fatalities but there is one that only you can eliminate. That is the careless driver.

ARIZONA HIGHWAYS 21

mendous speed instilled in each car by the manufacturer and still build roads only according to the needs of traffic and the money available. We are therefore slowly eliminating three of the basic factors of our increasing highway fatalities but there is one that only you can eliminate. That is the careless driver.

"To the Barney Oldfields who race with a train to the crossings, we apologize for having built this edifice and taken half the pleasures of life away from them. We had to build it though among other reasons, to save their lives in those frequent cases of a tie when neither they nor the train win, but both arrive at the crossing at the same time. In closing, I want to ask you to take this thought away with you.

"When starting on a trip, whether one mile or one thousand miles long, forget your tire tools if you're ab-sent minded, forget your tow rope if you'll be on pavement, forget your oil if you don't use it, but don't forget to take along plenty of CAUTION. You will need every bit you have with you over every foot of your journey. Don't keep it in a box, suitcase, or under the seat, unused but keep it in the seat right with you. Let it be a back seat driver, di-recting each one of your actions. You will find that it's the best back-seatdriver you ever had. It's your insurance against accident, just as this underpass is an insurance against accidents ever happening at this crossing.

"Having seen this structure for the first time since it was completed, I want to compliment and congratulate each man from the highest engineer, to the lowest cement worker's apprentice, for having turned out such a work of beauty and engineering.

"In behalf of His Excellency Governor B. B. Moeur and the Arizona State Highway Commission, I am proud and happy to be able to present this underpass to you the Honorable Mayor of Winslow and trust that it may always be the vital factor in the saving of lives and time that it was intended to be."

Tales of Calabazas

(Continued from page 11) lost, brothers come and kill me. Je' Cli! She clazy."

Mrs. Blackwell arrived at the store and inquired for Mr. Crandall. Several men promptly volunteered to get him. One gentleman, with a deep bow and a flourish of his ten gallon hat, said: "Why, hells bells, ma'am! I'll round up that critter for you in no time!"

Mrs. Blackwell smiled archly and hoped she wasn't too much trouble. Crandall was found and hastened to the store, a trifle pale and protesting. It's sometimes a serious business when a strange woman sends for a man in a border town. However, he drew a sigh of relief when he found she was a stranger, and comely.

ARIZONA HIGHWAYS

Mrs. Blackwell was charmed to meet Mr. Crandall. She wanted to buy a lot if it wouldn't be too much trouble for him to show her one, and that she was a perfect lady, a widow, and asking nothing from nobody, and that she paid her way.

Mr. Crandall bowed, offered the lady his arm and she walked out of the store, her cashmere skirt sweeping the floor.

The lady was difficult to please in the matter of lots. One was too close to a saloon for a perfect lady, and surely no lady could buy a lot near a hurdy tent. Finally the widow took the lot next to the Coliseum saloon, after Crandall had spent several hours convincing her that Handsome Tom, the proprietor, would shoot hell out of anyone who didn't treat her like a perfect lady.

The widow finally got the lot practically at her own price, and retired with Crandall to the store to draw up the deed. It was quite evident that the perfect lady could take care of herself in a busi ness deal. Crandall, after one look at the wad of greenbacks she carried, became very much enamored.

Cum Sing kept a wary eye on the private room where Precious slept. Taking no chances on the brothers who would travel miles for the sole purpose of murdering him should the dog be lost.

Nearly everyone had eaten supper when the widow came back to the Palace. Cum Sing invited her to sit down.

"How you like Calabazas? How you like Mis' Clandall, Mis' Blackbellie?"

"John, you'd better just call me Lady; and get a lamp in the private room. I'm very hungry. I want some supper, John; I'll have roast beef."

"No ketchem lost."

"Well, then, a steak."

"No ketchup steak. Fly lay egg; bye and bye little worms eatem meat."

"Bring me an omelet, then."

"No ketchup; sun too hot; eggs stinkie."

"Well, have you potatoes?"

"No ketchup; glass glow out his eyes; potato lotten."

"Well, have you anything to eat? Bring me anything. I'm hungry!"

Cum Sing beamed. "Ketchup velly good flapjack; ketchem velly good blead."

Cum Sing presently served her a platter of crisp bacon, a salad of watercress, rice, buttered toast and tea and the always present frijoles.

"John, have you a bed?"

Cum Sing looked embarrassed. "Ketch-em bed; sleepem with my bludder and. cousin; ketchem one bed in kitchen."

JANUARY, 1937

The lady looked severe. "John, I don't. want your bed. I want room with bed."

"No ketchem room. Ketchem glub hotel; no ketchem loom hotel."

"John, where do ladies sleep when they visit Calazabas?"

"No ketchup lady befo'. Huldy gals sleep in huldy tent."

"John, I'm sick. I can't sit up all night. You get me blankets and make bed in here."

"Maybe so can ketchup cot."

Nearly an hour later Cum Sing returned lugging a cot, some blankets, a barley sack partially filled with hay for a pillow, and some white cotton cloth from the store which he cut for sheets. He cleared the table and bade the widow goodnight.

"You will no be flaid. All men sleepem on floor in big loom; velly nice men."

Cum Sing made the rounds of the main room and warned the very nice men to be quiet, telling them that "velly sick rich lady had the private loom."

There was no light in the large room, and the light in the widow's room made very clear silhouettes of the "velly sick lady."

The widow, unaware or indifferent to this fact, proceeded to make herself comfortable. She removed her switch, petticoats, armored corsets, bustle, and a pair of beruffled drawers, and encased her curves in a long, loose nightgown, kissed Precious and blew out the lamp and soon was snoring peacefully.

The "velly good men" were all suffering from eye strain the next day.

The next morning the widow paid her bill, got on the stage and departed for Tucson. She had caused no little excitement in Calabazas and stories of her wealth and importance grew.

A week had passed since her departure, when a freight wagon drew up to her lot, unloaded lumber, canvas and furniture. She arrived on the morning stage from Tucson. In less than an hour she had hired carpenters to put up tents, and by dark a tent with wooden sides was erected, carpeted and furnished. A curtain divided the tent into sitting room and bedroom. This was the widow's home.

Next day the carpenters were busy putting up framework and floors for a large tent a few feet away from the small tent. Soon a completed hotel resulted, with a glass door and two windows. The tent was partitioned off into two private rooms. These were tastefully furnished with painted furniture and the remainder of the tent was furnished with cots, curtains separatingthem. The Grand Central Hotel was completed.

JANUARY, 1937 ARIZONA HIGHWAYS 23

Crandall, Handsome Tom, Curly George, and others having their eye on the widow's wad, moved to the hotel to be near the scene of action, and to keep a wary eye on one another.

It was soon discovered the perfect lady could take perfect care of herself, and that no assistance was needed from these hasty and nervy men. The lady was equally hasty and nervy herself. Gamblers and dead-beats were ejected with-out ceremony, the lady remarking, in chaste if ungrammatical terms: "I haven't any damn use for the likes of them, and Calabazas ain't Paradise, and I ain't running no charity bazaar, and I ain't going to give clean sheets twice a week to nobody."

If a drunk became noisy the perfect lady took him by the collar and put him out.

The perfect lady, of course, could not associate with the hurdy girls, so Curly George, Handsome Tom, Crandall, Drinkwater, and the other gentlemen of the town were her companions. They met almost every night in the widow's sitting room, and drinks were ordered from the various saloons without favoritism.

Cards? Oh, dear! The widow simply knew she'd never learn to play, but just to be sociable she'd try. The storekeeper, Drinky, and Crandall, gradually dropped out of these games. Too often the widow timidly would ask if she could open with queens; she would then draw a card and lay down three queens, or she would say: "Just for fun, explain my hand. What does three tens and two kings beat?"

Yes, they withdrew from her social evenings, feeling that for a gentlewoman she played her cards pretty close to her umbilicus.

Traveling men were often the widow's meat. One day a sporty drummer with a fancy goods line was returning from a trip through Mexico. The stage stopped in Calabazas long enough for the passengers to have lunch.

"She widow. She ketchem Glan' Cent'al loom house."

The drummer went out, had his baggage removed from the stage and sent a postal to his firm, saying: "Illness keeps me in Calabazas for a few days, but I expect to do some business."

The drummer stalled around for a while. He combed his hair, arranging a deep curl on his forehead, waxed his mustache, polished the huge imitation ruby ring which adorned his pudgy hand, rubbed vigorously a cluster of cut glass which he wore in his tie, polished the heavy rolled-gold chain and locket that stretched across his pendulous belly and went to the Grand Central hotel.

A knock brought Jack, the roustabout, who eyed him from head to foot.

"Any private rooms?"

"I dunno."

"Can I see the lady?"

"Yeh, I'll call her."

"I want the best private room."

"Yes, sir, please step this way."

The drummer was shown into the bridal chamber.

"Is this the best you've got?"

"This is the finest room south of Tucson."

"Well, I guess I'll take it then. How much per night?"

"Two-fifty, sir, in advance."

While the widow smoothed the bed and raised the shade, the drummer, with many killing smirks, commented on the weather, on the enormous amount of business he did, and how he out-smarted two competitors; how glad he was to be away from the social whirl of San Francisco for a time and how he was going into business with his brother.

The widow dusted the chairs.

The drummer asked if she had any ice water, and mentioned that he preferred violet soap.

The widow left with his two-fifty and the prospects of more.

The drummer, left to himself, removed his coat, unpacked two pictures of prominent actresses with inscriptions of admiration of himself-written by himself, also an imitation Russian leather case with a bewildering array of toilet samples.

The drummer started for a stroll of the premises and came to the widow's tent, where he found the lady sewing.

"Awful dull town, ain't it?"

"Can I come in here to write some letters? I'll try not to get in your way."

"Bring your things right in, Mr. Cohen. Calabazes isn't very lively, is it?"

The drummer hurried back to his room and returned with a cheap, loud writing case.

"Mind if I smoke?"

"No, not at all. I rather enjoy the smell of a good cigar."

The drummer lit a stogie, the fumes spreading out over Calabazas and reaching Nogales, where it was thought someone had teased a skunk.

By supper time he had written no letters, but the widow knew all about his nervous conquests with the ladies. The widow accepted his invitation to dinner. She really felt as if she had known him for years.

After a quart of champagne as an appetizer they went to the private dining room at the Palace, where poor Cum Sing was given so many orders it created a suspicion in his heathen mind and he thought: "Mis' Blackbellie, she clazy! Mebbe so she get mallied."

After dinner the widow invited Mr. Cohen to spend the evening in her tent, having previously and secretly sent Jack to invite Drinky to come and see her parrot.

Drinkwater was impressively presented as "the United States officer in charge of the Calabazas custom house." He and Mr. Cohen became very friendly, Drinky thinking: "Perhaps I can touch him for a loan."

The drummer thinking: "He can fix things so I can smuggle."

The drummer entertained them for nearly an hour, talking about himself, his prosperous business, and related several funny stories. Cards were mentioned by the drummer. He knew several card tricks. The widow was simply wild to see them.

Jack was sent to get cards with fifty cents of the drummer's money. The tricks being shown and duly admired, poker was suggested. The widow was willing, but really didn't understand cards. Drinky was willing, but couldn't play for stakes, his money being in the Custom House safe. So they played for beans, the drummer winning all the beans.

Champagne cocktails were served at the drummer's expense. The game languished, the drummer having won all the beans. Mr. Cohen wanted to play for money. Drinky protested that his money was in the safe and the bookkeeper had the keys. The drummer offered to lend him the money.

The game started with an accompaniment of cocktails, cigars and anecdotes furnished by the drummer. The widow won many pots. Drinky won several. The drummer became more silent, and the stakes were doubled. Drinky borrowed more money from him.

Cocktails became fewer. The widow filled bob-tailed flushes, fulls and straights. The numerous cocktails added to the mescal taken before he went to the widow's place, and knowing that he couldn't beat the lady at cards, and knowing that he could not and would not pay back the money borrowed from the drummer, made Drinky's nerves shaky. When he was not losing to the widow he was letting the drummer win some of his money back. Mr. Cohen noticed that when Drinky made a bet, the lady failed to see a raise, and was barred out to her advantage. The drummer forgot to smirk at the widow, and began to sweat.

The widow ordered fresh cocktails. Mr. Cohen ordered new cards and tore up the old ones. He spoke sharply to Drinky and told him the value of cards and the art of betting. Mr. Cohen continued to lose and the widow to win.

The widow generously ordered more drinks. Mr. Cohen ordered another pack of cards and proposed "jack pots" as his last hope. As a winner, the lady was agreeable; as a loser, Drinky didn't care. The jack pot loomed up; the limit was enlarged but the ante kept inviolate. Drinky had exhausted his credit with the drummer and was borrowing from the kitty." A few more jack-pots and the drummer was broke the game was over.

The widow set up the drinks, saying it had been a pleasant and sociable evening, and that after paying for the drinks she was just about even. The drummer's money had simply vanished into thin air.

The parting cocktails drunk, the drummer requested to be called early next morning, as he was to meet Drinky at nine o'clock, so Drinky could return his loans. The drummer wrote a card to his employers, saying he was better and would leave on the morning stage. Mr. Cohen then sat on the edge of his bed to figure up his losses: Drinkwater, $50.00 secured by note; Cocktails and cigars, $5.00; Cards, $3.00; Sundries, $90.00; Dinner $6.00. Assets: Watch, $2.50; Corkscrew, 25 cents; Jewerly, $5.00; Cash, 90 cents; Drinkwater's note for loaned money and bets, $100.00.

The drummer lay awake for hours, wondering if he had been played for a sucker; if so, how was he to get home? Also he thought of the nasty expression he had seen frequently in Blacky's eyes. Why did he stop in Calabazas? Why did he ever get married? No, Mr. Cohen wasn't particularly happy, but eventually he fell asleep.

Drinky was up with the dawn and went in to have a drink with George. Drinky then went to Crandall and explained the situation. He saddled his horse and told Crandall to send word to Jim, the rancher, by the stage driver, when the drummer had left town.

"Just say Crandall wants to see you, and I'll know it's all right."

Two hours before the stage was due the drummer was up and dressed. The pictures of the actress and the array of toilet articles packed, he didn't look for the widow to pay his respects or to tell her he hoped they would meet again.

Mr. Cohen stopped in a saloon and had an

ARIZONA HIGHWAYS

absinthe frappe to steady his nerves. At nine o'clock he was in the Palace hotel, where he was somewhat annoyed not to find Drinky; anyone else in Calabazas would have been much surprised had he been there.

The drummer finished his breakfast and still no Drinky. The drummer went to the Custom House and found Crandall, its only occupant.

"Mr. Drinkwater?"

"No, Mr. Drinkwater was called to the line this morning."

"When will he be back?"

"Well, I really couldn't say. Might be a week or more."

"Where could I find him at the line?"

"I hardly know, the line is several hundred miles long."

The drummer looked around and saw no safe.

"Mr. Drinkwater owes me some money. He said he couldn't give it to me last night because his bookkeeper had the keys to his safe."

Crandall expressed surprise that Mr. Drinkwater owed money.

"Yes, I did have the keys, but returned them to Mr. Drinkwater this morning."

The drummer began to perspire.

"I have his note. It's good, ain't it?"

"Why, yes sir, I consider it so."

"Would you cash it for ninety-five dollars?"

"I'm sorry, but my money is in the safe."

"Where is the safe?"

"It's downstairs, it's too heavy for this floor."

"Well," said the drummer, "take it for ninety dollars."

"I haven't that much money on me."

"For eighty? then, for seventy? for sixty? I've got to get home! For forty, then?

"I can't do it. My money is in the safe."

"Couldn't you borrow it?"

"I never borrow."

The drummer sweat. Shades of Abraham and Moses! Had the "goys" bilked him?

The stage came in and went out. An enraged Jew, muttering oaths on Calabasas, stood in front of the Palace and saw it depart.

The down stage carried no message from Mr. Drinkwater. The drummer started out to make the rounds to get Drinky's note cashed at almost any discount. Everywhere he met with the same answer: Sure, Drinky was all right. He'd cash it when he got back. No, they wouldn't cash it without Mr. Drinkwater's being there to verify it.

Someone offered to buy the drummer's samples. It would have been a penitentiary offense to sell them and the drummer was afraid to risk it.

JANUARY, 1937

The widow finally advanced him five dollars and a night's lodging for Drinky's note. The drummer departed next day and the widow later handed Drinky his note back for ten dollars.

Handsome Tom, Curley George and Pete still were devoted to the widow, buying drinks and taking their losses at poker, each with the idea of marrying the widow and acquiring her wad. They still spoke to one another, but a certain coolness was noticed between them.

The widow had been in Calabazas about six months when a new, brightly covered light wagon, drawn by a splendid horse, stopped before the Grand Central. The driver was a middle-aged man who greeted the widow as one who had known her before. He unloaded his luggage and took the best room. Mr. Winters was his name and he signified his intention of remaining in Calabazas. Some part of each day he spent talking alone with the widow, he patronized the bars impartially, gambled little and kept his own counsel.

Ten days after Mr. Winter's arrival the elite of Calabazas were invited to attend a party at the widow's. Champagne was sent from Tucson, card tables were put up (no gambling, except whist at fifty cents a point) and the Grand Central was made festive with Chinese lanterns.

Much wine was drunk and the party was a success, lasting until long after midnight. About one o'clock Handsome Tom left the party and was seen riding rapidly toward Tucson. Two hours later the light wagon, carrying much luggage, and the splendid horse, driven by the widow, were on the road. Pete, an hour and a half later, was headed for Tucson.

At ten o'clock next morning Curley George was headed for Tucson. George's, Pete's, and Tom's bartenders said they had gone to Tucson to buy liquor. Jack, the roustabout at the Grand Central, said that Mrs. Blackwell had gone to visit a friend in Tucson for a few days.

By the time the boys were well on their way to Tucson the widow was having her trunks examined by Mexican custom officials in Nogales, ten miles in the opposite direction.

At twelve o'clock that same day the widow was thirty miles in Mexico on the road to Magdalena, Precious asleep in her lap. She was smiling cheerfully, and urging the horse to a faster gait.

At the same time Handsome Tom had just changed to a fresh horse at a cattle ranch on the Tucson road. Pete was riding a tired horse. Pete's coat was

JANUARY, 1937 ARIZONA HIGHWAYS 25

off and the perspiration poured from him. He occasionally refreshed himself from a canteen of iced cocktails. Curley George, sweltering on the back seat of the stage, passed Pete. Where in hell was Pete going? He began to wonder. Handsome Tom was back in Calabazas and there was blood in his eye. Curley George arrived home. Pete, sunburned and with parched, cracked lips, also arrived in Calabazas. They were all very reticent as to their business in Tucson. The widow was in Magdalena, examining her wad of greenbacks. A week later a detective arrived in Calabazas, looking for the widow. It seemed the perfect lady was averse to divorce, and without waiting for the Angel of Death to release her had married four men and departed with their possessions. Handsome Pete, Curley George and Pete became friends again, although it was rumored that each had gone to Tucson with the express purpose of matrimony with the widow. Winters had bought the Grand Central hotel from the widow and the perfect lady was safe across "the line."

Hopi Love

Divorce among the Hopi is rendered effective and absolute if the wife places her husband's saddle and personal belongings outside the house and closes the door. One husband on returning home, found the door closed and another husband installed in his place. It happened that a government man from Washington was visiting the reservation on special business. The rejected husband sought him out, told his story, and asked for advice. The government official replied: "If I were in your place, I'd break the door in, take the new husband out and give him a good flogging." The procedure was followed. In fact, the irate ex-husband all but kicked his unfortunate successor off the mesa. These cave man tactics were successful beyond belief. For the next two years there was a noticeable decline in divorces!

Always one or more candles burn at the famous Wishing Shrine in Tucson, Ariz. The belief is that the candles bring peace to the victim of a love tragedy there buried and that if the donor of a candle makes a wish while it is burning it will be fulfilled. In the early days of Tucson, Juan Oliveras, young and handsome, herded sheep on a nearby ranch. He visited town oftener and stayed longer than there seemed occasion. His father-inlaw, suspicious, followed him and found Juan in the arms of his mother-in-law. The older man killed Juan with an ax. The body lay where it fell and was buried without rites of the church.

But some pious souls brought candles to burn for the soul of the dead youth. The custom continued and now the Wishing Shrine is one of the recognized landmarks of Tucson. And in Southern Arizona you will find many who say that good fortune came to them after they offered candles to the memory of Juan who went from love to sudden death.

The Tragedy of the Wishing Shrine EDITORIAL

(Continued from page 12) maintenance of highways. To mention a few the manufacturer and sale of motor vehicles from the raw materials to the dealer's floor, the production, refining and transportation of gasoline and lubricants, the manufacture and distribution of tires and other motor accessories, the building and operation of service stations, filling stations, garages, and parking lots, the writing of automobile insurance, the operation of wayside stands -all these and many more provide employment in private enterprise for billions of dollars of capital and millions of people.

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Arizona Highways

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