Arizona National Cotton Hotbed

Nentwig barely escaped the fury of the mob and fled to Tubutama. At Tubutama the Spaniards were ready for their attackers, and defended the mission two days and nights, until their ammunition gave out, and then made their way separately to San Ignacio. Out at Caborca and Sonoita, on the edges of the Pima mission field, there was more tragedy, as the Indians beat Padre Tomas Tello to death with clubs in his own mission of Caborca; while Padre Ruhn met a slow and horrible death by torture at Sonoita, and several Spanish settlers nearby were killed and the mission destroyed. At San Xavier and Guevavi, in what is now Arizona, the priests, Padres Francisco Paver and Jose Garrucho, fled to Suamca, where they found safety with Padre Keller. It appears that at Suamca the plans for rebellion were discovered and the revolt nipped in the bud. Naturally, it was not long before Spanish soldiers were on the scene, and the Indians sullenly submitted to white authority again. It seems that one of the chief results of the episode was a bitter quarrel between the governor, Parrilla, and the Jesuits; the latter blaming Parrilla for having promoted Luis del Saric and thus causing his treason; while the governor retorted that the methods of the Jesuit missionaries and their cruelties to the natives had caused the outbreak. Apparently the matter was not settled for several years, when, due to the efforts of Sedelmayr and others at the vice-regal court, the Jesuits were declared to have been blameless. Probably their accusation of Parrilla was a little unjust, however; and the conduct of Spanish miners and settlers toward the Indians of the Pima country was sufficient cause in itself to provoke rebellions. This Pima revolt of 1751 in part accounts for the rapid decline of the Jesuit missions during the ensuing seventeen years, the last period of their control in Pimeria Alta. They still had seven missions in the country, having restored all those maintained by Sedelmayr with the exception of Sonoita. Kino and Sedelmayr and Keller and their fellows had built well, and their structures withstood the adverse conditions of their days. But the government was increasingly cold toward them, gave them no more aid, and gradually tended toward the real hostility displayed when Carlos III of Spain expelled all of the Jesuits from his dominions in 1767. The miners still kept busy at their tasks of probing the Sonora hills in search of silver and gold, and they found enough of both metals to keep them in evidence as a class, although we find few records of much concentrated activity in mining. There are no more "strikes," although there is a rather doubtful tradition that considerable ore was shipped out of the Quijota district by Spanish miners in 1774. Sedelmayr, whose records and writings as Padre Visitador of this mission province give us occasional pictures of it, was transferred in 1754 from San Ignacio to South-ern Sonora, where he seems to have been when the news came to Sonora, on June 25, 1767, of the king's decree of expulsion. He was among those taken back to Europe in the following year. Thus ends the Jesuit phase of Arizona history before the Anglo-American period. When the next important events take place in Arizona in the decade following the expulsion of the Jesuits, Franciscan missionaries, among them the great Padre Francisco Garces, are in charge of its religious establishments and the last of the Anzas is in command at Tubac, soon to win fame for his colonial exploits. The last record that we have definitely telling us much about Jesuit mission work in eighteenth-century Arizona, is in the quaint old Rudo Ensayo, written four or five years before the Jesuit expulsion, and it gives a sufficiently sad and hopeless picture of disillusionment on the part of its unknown writer, one of the mission padres of Pimeria Alta at that time. But most people would rather be told about achievements rather than about failures, and so the depressing story of the last Arizona Jesuits of the eighteenth century must necessarily give way to the story of Anza and Garces and their gallant companions, and to the founding of a new Spanish realm in the

All Indian Pow-Wow at Flagstaff

Visit to the Pow-Wow Celebration is an unforgettable experience. There is something going on all the time. Whites are not only welcome, but actually wanted in the Indian Village. Tourists at the Pow-Wow for the first time are frequently surprised when a stalwart tribesman walks up, sticks out a hand and says, "How!" But then, that is the friendly spirit prevailing all during the Celebration. The Indians themselves are guests of the City of Flagstaff, and as such are fed barbecue style from immense open cooking pits. Whites are invited to be guests of the Pow-Wow to meet and talk to Indians that each race may know more about the other. The Pow-Wow grounds, consisting of more than 300 acres of forest about a silvery lake of water, becomes a small sized city where usually between eight and ten thousand people can be found even between the afternoon and night shows.

ROAD PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION DISTRICT NO.1

J. R. Van Horn, District Engineer Fisher Contracting Co., has contract 88% complete for grading and draining and placing aggregate base course and oil mix, using SC-3 road oil on .5 mile of roadway, beginning 5 miles west of Gila Bend and extending westerly on the Phoenix-Yuma Highway, F. A. 56, 3rd Reo. Sam Redd, resident engineer.

Pearson and Dickerson Contractors, Inc., has contract 85% complete for grading and draining 7.5 miles of roadway, beginning at the Maricopa-Yavapai county line and extending northeasterly on the Aguila-Congress Junction highway, F. A. S. 1-A. M. Kisselberg, resident engineer.

Tanner Construction Company has contract 66% complete for grading draining, aggregate base course and cutback road mix of approximately 3.1 miles on the Phoenix-Prescott Highway, F. A. 59, 3rd Reo, from Morristown northwesterly. Joe DeArozena, resident engineer.

Tanner Construction Co. has been awarded a contract for the grading, draining, A. B. C. and road oil (SC-4 road mix) of approximately 2% miles of the Phoenix-Prescott highway, beginning three miles south of the Wickenburg bridge and extending south, F. A. 59, 3rd Reo. Sch. 2. Joe de Arozena, resident engineer.

Tiffany Construction Co., has contract 6% complete for grading, draining, A. B. C. and A. S. T. of approximately 4% miles of the Ajo-Gila Bend highway, beginning about five miles north of Ajo and extending north, F. A. S. 120-B. H. Pinney, resident engineer.

DISTRICT NO. 2

F. N. Grant, District Engineer Oswald Brothers have contract 25% complete for subgrading roadway and refinishing slopes, and placing aggregate base course and 90-95 road oil, plant mix, and one-half mile of asphaltic surface treatment, beginning at Cameron and extending northerly about 25.6 miles on the Flagstaff-Fredonia highway. F.A. 95-B and F. L. 4-C. J. B. Robinson, resident engineer.

Heuser and Garnet have contract 42% complete for grading, draining, aggregate base course and asphaltic surface treatment. Beginning at Holbrook and extending southerly about 11.75 miles on the Showlow-Holbrook highway. F. A. 131-A. H. B. Wright, resident engineer.

Lee Moor Contracting Company has contract 66% complete for subgrading roadway and refinishing slopes and placing ABC and asphalt surfacing treatment of approximately 20 miles on U. S. Highway 89, beginning near Lee's Ferry and extending south, F. L. P. 4-E. Oscar A. Maupin, resident engineer.

Skousen Bros., has contract 64% complete for placing select material, aggregate base course and asphaltic surface treatment of approximately 14.2 miles on the Flagstaff-Fredona Highway, F. L. 4-C, Schedule 2, beginning about 25.7 miles north of Cameron and extending northwest. J. B. Robinson, resident engineer.

DISTRICT NO.3

R. C. Perkins, District Engineer N. G. Hill has contract 49% complete for the subgrading and aggregate base course and asphaltic surface treatment of approximately 2014 miles of the GlobeShowlow Highway, F. A. 105 D. to J. A. F. Rath, resident engineer.

Geo. W. Orr and J. G. North have contract 19% complete for subgrading roadway and refinishing slopes, placing aggregate base course and asphaltic sur-face treatment on approximately 15.5 miles of the Globe-Superior Highway, F. A. 99-H. I. J. 1st Reo, which begins about 50 miles northeast of Globe and extends northearsterly. C. B. Browning, resident engineer.

Lee Moor Contracting Company has contract 6% complete for grading, drain-ing, aggregate base course and cutback road mix of approximately 1.6 miles of the Superior-Miami Highway, F. A. 16, 2nd Reo., beginning about 3.5 miles northeast of Superior and extending northeasterly. R. D. Canfield, resident engineer.

Pearson and Dickerson has a contract for the grading, draining, A. B. C. and A. S. T. of 3% miles of the SaffordBowie Junction highway, beginning approximately 84 miles south of Safford and extending south 3½ miles, F. A. S. 115-C. A. J. Kerr, resident engineer.

W. E. Hall Construction Co. has been awarded a contract for the grading and draining of 6.75 miles of the Solomonville-Duncan Highway, beginning about 11.5 miles east of Solmonville and extend-ing easterly, F. A. 77-B. A. J. Kerr, resident engineer.

DISTRICT NO. 4

William R. Hutchins, District Engineer State forces have work 78% complete on grading and draining 7 miles of roadway on Nogales-Patagonia Highway. A. F. E. 8214. R. C. Bond, resident engineer.

State Forces have the grading, draining and asphalt surface treating of approximately 5 miles of the Tucson-Florence Highway, A. F. E. 8086, 73% complete. Dan J. Lyons, resident engineer.

Daley Corporation has contract 75% complete for grading, draining, placing aggregate base course and asphaltic surface treatment on approximately six miles of the Benson-Steins Pass Highway, F. A. 130-A, beginning at Wilcox and extending northeasterly. George Lang, resident engineer.

Tanner Construction Company has contract 56% complete for grading, draining, aggregate base course and asphaltic surface treatment of approximately 5.75 miles of the Ft. Huachuca-Bisbee High way, F. A. 133-A & B, beginning about 9 miles west of Bisbee and extending westerly. A. J. Gilbert, resident engineer.

Pearson and Dickerson has a contract for the grading, draining, A. B. C. and road oil plant mix, of approximately 13% miles of the Tucson-Nogales Highway, beginning about 8% miles south of Tucson and extending south, F. A. 86-A, 3rd Reo. Dan Lyons, resident engineer.Fisher Contracting Co. has contract 19% complete for grading, draining and oil processing (cutback road mix) of approximately 1% miles of the Tucson-Ajo Highway, beginning at Ajo and extending south, F. A. S. 110-D. H. Pinney, resident engineer.

Martin Construction Co. has contract 9% complete for the grading, draining, aggregate base course and oil processing (S. C. 2, road oil, road mix) of 5.5 miles of the Douglas-Safford Highway, beginning about 26 miles north of Douglas and extending northerly, F. A. S. 114-E. F. A. Berg, resident engineer.

Packard Contracting Co. has been awarded a contract for the grading, draining aggregate base course and oil process (S. C. 2, road oil mix) of 6.1 miles of the Benson-Steins Pass Highway, beginning at the Arizona-New Mexico state line and extending westerly, F. A. 130-B. Geo. Lang, resident engineer.

Tanner Construction Co. has been awarded a contract for the grading, draining, aggregate base course and oil processing (S. C. 2, road oil mix) of 3.6 miles of the Ajo-Tucson Highway, beginning at the Papago Indian Reservation boundary and extending easterly, F. A. S. 110-E. J. M. Hobbs, resident engineer.UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS G. L. McLane, Senior Highway Engineer.

W. R. F. Wallace, Highway Engineer, Supervising Engineer.

R. Thirion, Associate Highway Engineer, Highway Planning Engineer.

J. H. Brannan, Associate Highway Engineer, Supervising Engineer.

W. P. Wesch, Highway Bridge Engineer, Bridge Engineer.

W. J. Ward, Associate Highway Engineer, Locating Engineer.

E. F. Strickler, Associate Highway Engineer, Supervising Engineer.

R. M. Rutledge, Assistant Highway Engineer, Office Engineer.

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROAD PROJECTS IN ARIZONA PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION. Route, Oak Creek National Forest Highway.

Lewis Brothers, Contractors, Phoenix, Arizona, have the contract for construction of a steel arch bridge over Wilson Canyon, about 27 miles southwest of Flagstaff, Arizona, on the Oak Creek Highway. The bridge will consist of a main span of 240 feet and approach spans totaling 100 feet. Work was started March 24, 1938 and is about 17% complete. A. W. Schimberg, Resident Engineer.

Route 33 Catalina Mountain Highway, Coronado National Forest.

Project consists of grading and draining ing of a highway on the south side of the Catalina Mountains, between a point approximately 17 miles northeast of Tuc-son, Arizona and Soldier Camp Ranger Station near the summit. The project has been completed to Vail's Corral, a future recreational area, and a distance of 8 miles towards the summit. H. H. Woodman, Resident Engineer.

Federal Lands Highway Project 5. Tanner Construction Co., Phoenix, Arizona, has the contract for grading, draining and placing of a bituminous surface treatment on a 5-mile portion of the Tucson-Ajo Highway, within the Papago Indian Reservation. Work was started April 2, 1938 and is about 5% complete. F. A. Bonnell, Resident Engineer.

National Park Project. J. A. Casson, Phoenix, Arizona, has the contract for placing a bituminous treated resurfacing course on 15 miles of highway on the south rim of the Grand Canyon National Park and adjacent to the Grand Canyon Village. Work was started April 18, 1938 and is about 7% complete. V. G. Watson, Resident Engineer.

PROJECTS SUSPENDED FOR THE WINTER. Route 28, Fredonia-Houserock Valley, Kaibab National Forest Highway. The Arizona Sand and Rock Company, Phoenix, Arizona has a contract for placing a bituminous surface treatment on 13 miles of the Fredonia-Houserock Valley Highway beginning at Jacob Lake within the Kaibab National Forest and extending south to the forest boundary. Work was suspended for the winter on October 25, 1937, and will shortly be resumed. Work is about 64% complete. C. R. Brashears, Resident Engineer.

National Park Projects. Skousen Brothers, Albuquerque, New Mexico, have the contract for grading and placing of a light aplication of oil on 32 miles of the North Approach Road to Grand Canyon National Park. Project extends from Jacob Lake, Arizona, to the Grand Canyon National Park boundary. Work was suspended for the winter on November 24, 1937 and will shortly be resumed. Project is about 88% complete. C. R. Brashears, Resident Engineer.

Contracts Awarded. The Secretary of the Interior on March 28, 1938 awarded a contract to the Fisher Contracting Company, Phoenix, Arizona for the placing of a bituminous treatment on 5 miles of highway along the Rim of the Painted Desert within Petrified For est National Monument. Work will start during May ,1938.

SMOKI Snake Dance

livery boy, a pop-corn vender, and even a printer whose job it is to see that this magazine comes out on time. They all go to make the Smoki a semi-secret fraternal organization, and they all consider it an honor to belong.

Those tatoo marks we mentioned before have a real significance. Made by a Prescott electrician, they are themeans by which a Smoki is raised in rank. After his first dance the new members is entitled to two dots. The next year gives him two more, and that is all, no matter how many years he dances. If he becomes a member of the council, he can have a quarter-circle tatooed around one end of the dots. If he be comes a chief, this is extended to a half circle. Right there on his left hand is all the recognition that the Smoki will ever get for his work. But it is all he wants, because he knows that his has been a job well done.

means by which a Smoki is raised in rank. After his first dance the new members is entitled to two dots. The next year gives him two more, and that is all, no matter how many years he dances. If he becomes a member of the council, he can have a quarter-circle tatooed around one end of the dots. If he be comes a chief, this is extended to a half circle. Right there on his left hand is all the recognition that the Smoki will ever get for his work. But it is all he wants, because he knows that his has been a job well done.

The Smoki really have a dual purpose, though, because not only do they preserve and present the ancient ceremonials of a vanished race, but they collect and house archeological treasures found in the vicinity of Prescott. They have built a fine Indian museum on the edge of town, and a clubhouse in the form of a pueblo. Their whole property is worth close to $100,000, and their beautiful costumes alone are valued at $6000. No member makes a cent out of it, but all money goes to collecting and preserving Indian artifacts, and the religious rituals and dances that might otherwise disappear. Books and archeological exchanges with other museums throughout America have made it one of the most complete in the country, and you may be sure that the Smoki People are proud of it. The government helped them build the museum, but that makes it none the less dear to the Smoki, and none the less valuable as a storehouse for historical lore. Like the ancient tribes, the Smoki have an emblem of their own. It is the ancient sun shield of the native Arizona Indians, surrounded by clouds and lightning symbols, all speaking of the great forces of nature. For when the Smoki People dance, just as the ancients did centuries ago, they are dancing to appease the gods and win their favor. And in their Snake Dance they chant and dance and pray for just one thingrain. A great sand painting of the Smoki emblem is made in the center of The dance plaza every year by the Sand Painters of the organization. This is their part in the Smoki dances, and they make the emblem just as brilliant as the costumes of the dancers. The Smoki have used the four staples of their Indian ancestors to make their costumes. With leather, cloth, beads, and feathers they make their bodies ready for the great dance. These costumes are exact replicas of those worn centuries ago, and, with their brilliant and expertly-matched hues, go to complete the picture of the Snake Dance. Audiences for the Smoki show are getting larger every year. Editors, realizing the value of the Smoki People as news, have featured them in almost every paper in the country. And now radio has brought a means of making more people acquainted with the Smoki. This year, the Columbia Broadcasting system will give a word-picture of the dances. Al-ready plans have been laid for the broadcast, and time has been allotted on their coast-to-coast network. All these means of publicity have brought more people to see the dances, and this year another big crowd is expected. The snakes used in the dances are not tame, but are caught "fresh" every year. The boys in Prescott are always willing to lend a hand when it comes to catch-ing snakes, and the men get the rest of them when they go out for a Sunday drive. You can't very well imagine coming home from a trip to Granite Dells with a back seat full of snakes, but they say it's done. Only once have the Smoki People pre-sented their dances outside of Arizona. That once was when they represented Arizona in the American Legion convention at Philadelphia at the time of the sesquicentennial. As the copper-colored dancers appeared in the huge amphitheatre, their costumes glistening in the sun, with their simple drums, gourds, and flutes giving notes of barbaric rhythm, the audience sat spellbound, adding only their applause to the weird scene.

"I TRAVEL THE SKYWAYS OF THE GRAND CANYON"

(Continued from Page 25) English lord and lady. This lovely English lady thought Johnny was wonderful. She rubbed his ears and patted his face during the entire trip and Johnny stood with his head across her lap gazing interestedly out of the window while the big ship soared over the Canyon.

That night Johnny celebrated his success with royalty by breaking into a can of grain which had been treated with prairie dog poison. The next morning we found him dead under his favorite plane.

Of the thousands of people with whom I have flown over the Grand Canyon, only one man ever made a clear explanation of the immensity of what one can see . . . that man was Will Rogers. In 1929 Will