FIRST OFFICIAL LISTING: ARIZONA STATE HOTEL RED BOOK DIRECTORY

First Official Listing » Arizona State Hotel Red Book Directory « As of July 15, 1938

ADAMANA. Apache Co., RR., A. T. & S. F. Forest Lodge (A), Elnora Saunders.

AJO, Pima Co., RR., So. Pac. Cornelia Hotel (E), Mrs. John I.. Stone.

AGUA CALIENTE, Maricopa Co., RR., So. Pac. Agua Caliente Hotel (Hot Springs). Robert Birch.

ASH FORK, Yavapai Co., RR., A. T. & S. F. Escalante Hotel (E). Fred Harvey. White House (E), Ethel P. Chambers.

BENSON, Cochise Co., RR., So. Pac. Arnold Hotel (E), Edith M. Jackson. Jay Six Cattle Ranch. Mansion Hotel (E).

BISBEE, Cochise Co., RR., So. Pac. Copper Queen Hotel (E), L. R. Peterson. Golden Hotel (E), Mrs. M. L. Moseley.

BONITA, Cochise Co., RR., So. Pac. Seventy-Six Ranch, W. T. Webb.

CASA GRANDE, Pinal Co., RR.. So. Pac. Casa Sahuaro Inn, J. F. Sheafe. La Hacienda, Ruth Blake. San Carlos Hotel (E), Tom Day.

CAMP WOOD, Yavapai Co., RR., A. T. & S. F. Bar 37 Ranch.

CHANDLER, Maricopa Co., RR.. So. Pac. San Marcos, The, (A), Robert Foehl.

CHINLEE, Apache Co., RR., A. T. & S. F. Thunderbird Ranch, L. H. McSparron.

CLIFTON, Greenlee Co., RR., So. Pac. Reardon Hotel (E), Anna Reardon.

COOLIDGE, Pinal Co., RR., So. Pac. New San Carlos, Ray Linderman. Va-Ki Inn (A), Walter C. Smith.

DOME, Yuma Co., RR., So. Pac. Dome Hotel (A), E. H. & I. L. Rhodes.

DOS CABEZOS, Cochise Co., RR., So. Pac. Faraway Ranch, Ed. M. Riggs. P. O., Douglas.

DOUGLAS, Cochise Co.. RR., So. Pac. Avenue Hotel (E), Jno. R. Speer.

El Coronado Ranch, C. C. Cooper, Jr.

Gadsden Hotel (E), F. O. Mackey. Palomar Hotel (E), R. T. Black. (See Dos Cabezos) DRAGOON, Cochise Co., RR., So. Pac. Seven Dash Ranch. Triangle T Ranch.

DUNCAN, Greenlee Co., RR., So. Pac. Simpson Hotel.

EDEN, Graham Co., RR., So. Pac. Indian Hot Springs Hotel, (A), Geo. W. Thompson.

ELGIN, Santa Cruz Co., RR., So. Pac. Diamond W Ranch. H W Ranch. Star King Ranch.

FLAGSTAFF Coconino Co., RR., A T. & S. F. Commercial Hotel (E), Henry Bosley Foxboro Ranches. Monte Vista Hotel (E), F. E. Snider. Oak Creek Lodge. Weatherford Hotel, (E), Frank Warnisa.

FLORENCE, Pinal Co., RR., So. Pac. Florence Hotel H. C. Hill. Rancho Soledad.

GILA BEND, Maricopa Co., RR, So. Pac. Stouts Hotel, A. H. Stout. Millers Hotel, Jake Miller.

GLOBE, Gila Co., RR., So. Pac. Dominion Hotel (E), A. Hansen Globe Hotel, (E), Sid Newcombe. Kinney House (E), Mrs. A. D. Rosecrans Spencer Hotel (E), Cecelia Spencer GRAND CANYON (North Rim), Coconino Co. Grand Canyon Lodge, Kaibab Forest, W. L. Larson, Mgr. RR. Station Cedar City, Utah Union Pacific. RR. Station Flagstaff, Arizona, A. T. & S. F. On U. S. International Highway 89. Season: June-September.

At the K 4 ranch, you'll find fine breed cattle and up in the mountains wild critters hard to ride herd on.

It was on one of these trips that he discovered the ranch which he now owns on Walnut Creek.

This was an old run-down place with practically no buildings, dilapidated fences, and eroded waterways. Jim liked the location but he was undecided whether or not to buy until he learned that, where the old house on this ranch stood, four men had been killed at different times and one of them had been buried in the cellar.

The Indian ruins and old Indian irrigation projects along Walnut Creek also interested him and, after a careful investigation of the history of the country and of the possibility of developing it into a fair-sized cow ranch, he bought the property. Immediately he hired a crew of men and carpenters to clean up the place while he moved his family into a tent on the ranch so he could permanent inter-locking pile dam across Walnut Creek, which was usually dry. Everybody thought Jim had lost his mind when he got a pile driver and began driving thirty foot steel piles into the dry sand but twenty-four hours after the last pile was driven, water began to rise above the sand on the upstream side of the dam and in another day, a very beautiful little lake was impounded. This water was diverted into ditches that had been abandoned by the Indians and the early settlers, and in two years time Jim was irrigating large alfalfa fields and rais-ing his own hay and grain for his stock. As time went on smaller adjacent ranches in the vicinity were added to the K 4, un-til now nearly a thousand head of cattle belong to this outfit, on approximately 50,000 acres of land.

In the meantime, the house was improved, a swimming pool was built, a large fish pond, tennis court, and every-thing that goes to make up a modern as well as an old time cow ranch, construct-ed. Jim likes the place for he feels that his family has anything they could have in town plus the added advan-tages offered by living in the country.

On the K 4 are some of the finest cat-tle in northern Arizona but on Juniper Mountain are a few wild ones, so if any one wants a little real-west cowboying, the cattle are there to practice on. Be-sides raising a few thoroughbred horses of the best blood in America, Jim also raises a few Percherons which he uses for heavy work on the ranch.

All this has been done in approximately six years and Jim is no longer looked upon, among the cow men, as a dude trying to go western but he is recognized as one of the best cowmen in northern Arizona. He is a very modest fellow and says that he hasn't done anything that any other man couldn't have done . . . that life is just a matter of patience and perseverance.

Jim Williams is one of the few Amer-icans who really practices the Golden Rule and Arizona has cause to be proud of this modern pioneer.

Personally supervise the work. Jim's wife tells an interesting story about how Jim would sit in the tent awhile, draw a few cartoons, then run out and issue orders to the men.

As soon as he had a livable place erected, they moved into the house; then Jim began to buy cattle and stock the range. He conceived the idea of putting

Arizona Citrus The Incomparable Golden Fruit

(Continued from Page 9) In the spring, usually in April, seeds of sour oranges (sometimes, but rarely, of sweet oranges or rough lemons), are sown in beds under lath. The seedlings grow there until a year later. Then they are dug out and all with imperfect roots are discarded. The others are replanted outdoors in rows and by the following fall are large enough for budding with buds cut from parent trees that have a long record for quantity and quality of production. A bud is inserted in the bark of the seedling two or three inches above the ground line, wrapped with tape for protection From this bud if it "sticks" comes a sprout. Just above this point the seedling trunk is cut off and the sprout grows eventually into a tree that bears fruit exactly the same as the bud's parent, but nourished by roots that are resistant to gummosis and other diseases.

A year after the budding, the young tree is "balled out" with a long cylinder of earth around its roots. The ball is wrapped with tar paper to keep earth and roots intact, and the tree is set away in a lath house for the winter. The next spring, anywhere from February to May, it is placed in its permanent orchard home. Four years later, if it is a grapefruit tree, it is in commercial production. If it is an orange or lemon it waits five or six years before bearing any fruit worth mentioning. By the spring of 1930, however, the Arizona nurserymen were in a fair posi-tion to meet the demand. They supplied trees for 3,698 acres that year, for 5,146 acres in 1931.

Those were glorious times, with everybody optimistic, nurseries swamped under orders, growers eager to enlarge their old groves or get new one started. The "citrus belt" of Salt River Valley, previously confined largely to a fringe along the mountains north and northeast of Phoenix, became several belts: South Mountain, along Southern avenue; Chandler Heights, at the foot of the San Tans southeast of Chandler; Talwi-wi and Citrus Park, northwest of Peoria. Deep wells were drilled to irrigate the Tal-wi-wi and Chandler Heights grove, as well as those in the Arcadia district by Camelback, and in other desert locations, for by no means all the good citrus land was inside the Salt River reclamation project. After 1931 the excitement lessened not because the trees failed to produce as expected but because of the well known depression and increased market competition. In 1934, the last year for which detailed figures are available, only 800 acres were planted; it is doubtful if plantings since then have totaled 2,000 acres.

In March of 1935 a Federal survey showed that Arizona had 1,192,287 grapefruit trees; 625,145 oranges; 5,102 tangerines; 2,675 limes; 16,997 lemons a total of 1,842,206 on 21,390 acres.

Maricopa County had 1,098,688 of the grapefruit trees; 605,209 oranges; 5,051 tangerines; 1,388 limes; 16,191 lemonsa total of 1,726,527 on 20,022 acres.

Yuma County had 93,599 grapefruit trees; 19,936 oranges; 51 tangerine; 1,287 limes; 806 lemons a total of 115, 679 on 1,367 acres.

Percentages for the State, by kinds, Understand like this: Grapefruit, 64.7; oranges, 33.9; tangerines, lemons and limes, 1.4. Only two counties were covered in the 1935 survey and they are still the only counties that make commercial citrus shipments. Pinal has a few acres and in the last two or three seasons there have been some homesite plantings on the desert north of Tucson which must soon be contributing to Arizona production figures. There are many more spots in Southern Arizona where citrus equal to that of Salt River Valley or Yuma could be grown, and where trees may eventually be planted in response to the demand for fine fruit or the desire of wealthy peo-years to come, even without additional acreage, because few of the trees have reached their full growth. Those set out back in 1930 and 1931 are still some distance away from their peak.

The U. S. Bureau of Agricultural Economics estimates the Arizona 193738 crop at 2,500,000 packed boxes of grapefruit, compared with a ten-year average of 618,000; the orange crop at 323,00 boxes, compared with a ten-year average of 136,000. This is enough to fill 6,137 railroad cars, if it were all shipped as packed fresh fruit. Some, however, goes out loose in trucks, and some goes to juice canneries.

A significant development of this last season was the erection at Phoenix by one of the co-ops, the Arizona Citrus Growers Association, of the first storage house ever built for grapefruit. It is the last word in air-conditioning, with controlled humidity and temperature, cost over $200,000, has a capacity of 208 carloads. In this building fruit is kept 90 days in perfect condition. Several advantages are expected to be gained, principal one being the extension of the marketing season through the summer when there is little fresh grapefruit to be had.

Primarily to keep surplus and cull grapefruit out of competition with their packed fruit, the four Arizona co-operatives last fall formed a subsidiary which put up two modern $20,000 canneries, at Tempe and Yuma. Another large cannery is at Citrus Park, and there are several smaller ones. Altogether they have canned this season over a quarter of a million cases of juices. Like the fruit from which it came, it is unsurpassed forflavor.

Reasons for the preponderance of grapefruit over orange in the Arizona citrus picture are not far to seek. First is heavy production, with considerably less fluctuation, less susceptibility to frost injury. California can produce more oranges per acre, although at vastly greater cost; she has only two districts suited to grapefruit and neither can top Arizona for yield, while their expenses for pest control, fertilization and water are far higher. So, far as the “desert areas” of the American Southwest are concerned, Arizona’s supremacy in grapefruit cannot be challenged.

The grapefruit variety grown almost exclusively is the Marsh, because it reaches perfection in Arizona and is the kind preferred by the public, being practically seedless. A development of recent years is “pink” grapefruit, but the acreage is yet small and the amount of fruit so limited that it brings a premium as a novelty. Most of the pink strains, with red meat and a delicate ruby blush showing through the skin, are supposed to have originated as Marsh “sports” and are also seedless. Their ultimate place in the industry is still debated.

Navel oranges grow larger and sweeter in Arizona than anywhere, and ripen in early December when market demand is commonly at its best. But the yield is usually light, two and a half boxes to the tree being good. Possibly because of heat, navel trees pass through what is called “June drop” in early summer, when many of the young oranges fall to the ground. Two or three strains have recently been discovered which are said to “hold their fruit” better than the ordinary Washington navel. If they prove out, future plantings may trend more to oranges and less to grapefruit. It has also been demonstrated that an acre of ground will support 20 or 30 more orange trees than grapefruit trees, and this may have its influence.

The third main commercial citrus variety in Arizona is the Valencia orange, which does splendidly but does not ripen until February and hence is subject to more frost hazard than the navel. It will always have its place and an important one. So will the early-ripening “sweet seedlings” such as the Diller, Parson Brown and Butler. They cannot be criticized on the score of yield or quality and plantings are held down only by competition.

If one would grow citrus for fun, for profit, for the deep satisfaction of creating beauty, there is no place which will please him so well as Arizona.

60: A MONUMENT TO MAN'S MIGHT IN ENGINEERING and ROAD BUILDING

Water, except to the technical man, is but little understood in its potential capacity for destruction. One inch of rainfall on an acre means one hundred and four tons. Usually the dry ground absorbs most of this and thus some really extensive storms cause but little runoff. But suppose the ground saturates under a steady downpour and then the skies open and it really begins to rain. Each acre sheds its one hundred and four tons for every inch of rain falling and when a watershed of many miles extent pours its flood into one narrow neck of a canyon the elemental forces let loose must be provided for by structures which will pass the liquid menace freely.

Usually water does not do its damage by the sheer weight of itself sliding down a steep incline. The huge rock is moved principally by being undermined by the water saturating and weakening the material on which it stands. This is done so quickly we think the rock has been pushed aside by the weight of the water -a misconception. Understanding this the engineer must provide his structures with wing and apron which prevent the water saturating the fills outside and keep it from finding the weakness which would cause failure.

Again the structure is threatened bythe debris of the flood piling up and mak-ning the bridge culvert and its fill act as a dam which it cannot do successfully for seldom is the new fill so bound to the ori-ginal ground on which it stands that it is impervious. The water seeps through and if it is at all piled up the fill washes away.

Say that Lake Mead, 135 miles long, is 500 feet deep at the dam. The pressure is not one bit greater against the dam than would be the case if a film of water one foot thick and 500 feet high was the reservoir back of the dam. Thus, be-cause the flood does not back up for a long distance from the highway fill owing to steep country, the pressure may be sufficient to cause failure and conse-quent costly repair.

It has been the dream of every road en-gineer to find an ideal water course where, instead of building a costly struc-ture to pass the drainage, a tunnel could be driven to serve the same purpose. Such an ideal water course is found on High-way 60 some six miles northeasterly from the Salt River crossing. Our compliments to the engineer who saw this opportunity and took advantage of it.

The location party gathers the data which is turned into the plans depart-ment of the highway organization. There careful study is made and experts balance cut and fill and issue the plans from which the completed road is finally evolved.

The plans department is a group of engineers who are responsible for the refinements which make for the safety and driving ease necessary in modern roads. Besides the horizontal curves which are so evident in the well engineered road in rough country there are even more vertical curves introduced which the driver does not see. Every ascending and descending grade on opposite sides of a hill must be eased into each other in order that a car will change its vertical directions smoothly. These vertical curves are all parabolic, a tricky mathematical conception which has one unusual feature a curve which never returns upon itself. It is peculiarly adapted to these easements of grade changes although its mathematical analysis is involved and not a plaything for the layman. This parabola is useful in other ways. The reflector in the car lamp is parabolic in form because it will reflect light parallel to its axis and thus the entire value of the lamp is obtained in useful illumination.

The superelevation of the mathematical principles is the tendency of a moving body to continue in a straight line. When it is necessary to depart from that straight line forces come into evidence which must be neutralized else disaster follows.

A body traveling a flat curve is impelled at every point to leave the curve. A point in speed is soon reached where the centrifugal force makes it impossible to remain on the track. But if the curve is lifted up on the outside in ratio to the speed this outlaw force is changed from a side drag to a pull parallel to the diameter of the wheels and thus is neutralized. Simple, of course, but it means much to you when the urge of the open road attracts to far places.

The surfacing of a road is, naturally, the ultimate to which all the designing leads. Here the chemical boys in the laboratory have their innings. Check and recheck of materials, conditions of heat and moisture, careful application of special oil binders under the attention of watchful and hard boiled inspectors result in the highway supreme a way of happiness from coast to coast.

As you ride these highways and feel the thrilling response of a good motor to a track well designed, take thought of all the brains and learning that make your ride pleasant and profitable. The engineer will never tell you he is busy on another road.

Hotevilla The Step-Child of Oraibi

To make utter slaves of them to be ruled by the Spanish Priests. In the Rebellion of 1680 the Hopi people very thoroughly cleansed their villages of the foreign scourge, and never again has a Catholic Mission been built on a Hopi Mesa.

The Spaniards disposed of, they turned their attention to saving their fields, their food and their wives from the Utes, the Apaches and later, most deadly of all, the Navajos. All the roving tribes levied from the gentle Hopis. In 1889, C. E. Vandevier, Agent of the Navajos at Ft. Defiance, included this pregnant sentence in his report to the Washington Office: "The Navajos, although they early encroached upon the ancient Moquis (Hopis) seem to have met with but little resistance from that people and the last serious conflict occurred about fifty years ago at Oraibi in which a great number of the villagers were slain." When Kit Carson transported the Navajos from the country and the Utes and Apaches were subdued by white troops, the Hopi Indians were free to work their little fields down in the valleys, and live quietly with their families without fear of invasion. Perhaps peace grew wearisome, or "Satan found work for idle hands" and so they began to look around for a fight.There were a number of ultra-conservative old fossils that could see nothing good in the ways of white men sent out to help them with their sanitary problems; their water development; the health and education of their children. They seriously objected to having the long thick hair encrusted with lice removed from the heads of their children when they were taken into school at Keam's Canyon. That was as good to fight about as anything else, and so this group was dubbed "Long Hairs." Other names for them were "Unfriendlies" and "Hostiles." They muttered in their kivas and orated from imaginary soap boxes until they had themselves convineed that they were brave men leading a noble cause, and when it came time for the children to be returned to school, the mesa, Second Mesa, was as bare of school children as was Bethlehem of First Borns when Herod was finished with it. The school officials sent to collect them returned empty handed and the Long Hairs brought their hidden children back from far flung sheep camps and

inner corn rooms, where they had been temporarily walled in. One wily scamp thought up a gorgeous scheme as an excuse: "It is not consistent with our beliefs to allow children to go to school or to have their hair cut. If they go to school we must fight about it and fight hard enough to appease our consciences for an entire year!" He was not disappointed. The agency officials accepted the challenge and the fight was on with Winchesters, clubs and even bottles of ammonia, a la tear gas! It came in handy, this ammonia, when the agent "was charged by Ta-wa-hong-i-ni-wa who had for a weapon a large bone. When within three feet of me I gave his head a deluge of ammonia and he was out of the fight, gone down snorting and spitting!" The Second Mesa began to get scared and yelled for help by means of sending a runner twenty miles to Oraibi.Sixty allies, Unfriendlies, arrived pronto from Ancient Oraibi. Women and children were hastily sent down the back trails to be out of the way when the real fighting began. The Hopi fighters secreted themselves in upper stories overlooking an alley that ended in a cul-desac, and there in the age-old fortress waited for the simple white men to come and get killed. The white men declined. There then took place a grand pow-wow which lasted for hours and finally some The hostages were captured by the school authorities and taken away for safe keeping. Tom Pavatea, the self-made Tommy that runs the store at the foot of the First Mesa and greets each white visitor with gracious hospitality, was called in to act as a go-between. Tom, of whom the Agent has this to say: "Tommy Pavatea, a Hopi, and one of the best and the wisest, if not the best and wisest of the tribe, had spent the day in trying to get Unfriendlies to give up the struggle, and send their children to school," went into the barricaded houses and argued with the leaders. He came back and said the Indians refused to treat with anyone other than the Agent and that he must go alone and unarmed. In the Agent's report of the affair he remarks laconically, "Before I went I issued the only order I ever did about shooting. I told the Captain of Police if he heard any gunfire near where I was going to call up all the reserve men and not stop killing as long as there was a Hopi man in the village. If there was treachery I was determined to leave my successor a Hopi Reservation without an Unfriendly Hopi to cope with." The courageous attitude of the Agent evidently daunted the Hostiles since the Agent talked with them for hours and succeded in showing the Oraibi allies the error of their ways. They hastenend to say they were unarmed and had no desire to fight, they had merely come over to the Second Mesa in a body to invite the Unfriendlies to move to Oraibi and live there with them where they would not be annoyed by the new fangled notions of the Friendlies. The Second Mesa fighters, seeing themselves deserted in hour of need, agreed to return their children to school and to move over to Oraibi. Everything seemed settled but the Agent knew it was only a lull in the storm and he so reported to Washington, a report which was passed over lightly by the authorities there. Then came the deluge.The Unfriendlies at Oraibi grew weary of feeding their guests they had invited from the Second Mesa and they brought that trouble to the Agent. "You may go back to Oraibi and tell all the Unfriendlies to select a place they wish to build a new village and I will come in ten days and see if they can have it without taking fields and springs away from others already in possession." Evidently nothing was done about selecting the site and in September, 1906, Theo. G. Lemmon, the Agent who had labored so hard to prevent strife, sent this telegram to Washington. "Oraibi fanaticism culminated Friday in fight. Four-hundred Conservatives (Unfriendlies) driven from Oraibi; in camp four miles away. Believe I can prevent bloodshed if Inspector arrives promptly. Messengers awaits reply at Winslow, Arizona." As far as history relates, the messengers may still be waiting at Winslow, and so the long suffering Agent sallied out unsupported to wrestle with the situation.

Trouble had simmered at Oraibi for weeks, and it came to a head when preparations for the Snake Dance were begun. The Friendlies refused to take part in the Sacred Ceremony with the exiles from Second Mesa, who felt it their duty to take full charge of everything. After a few minor encounters a fatal shot was fired. When the dance took place not a Friendly took part and it was conducted in a manner entirely foreign to the usual Third Mesa procedure. From that day on there has never been a Snake Dance held at Oraibi. Soon after the Dance an exhausted Hopi runner came to the Agent at Keam's Canyon and handed him a note: "Street fight in progress at Oraibi. Come at once."

When Agent Lemmon arrived he found the four hundred ousted and sent the urgent telegram, for the answer to which a patient messenger waited indefinitely. It was the old story of the kind-hearted Arab taking his camel into the tent in time of storm and soon finding himself on the outside looking in. The Second Mesa refugees began to feel very much at home in Oraibi soon after their arrival there, so much so, that they appropriated some of the women belonging to Oraibi men; they deposed the old chief, who was a Friendly and took his spring away from him. There was no place where he could water his sheep. One of the Judges of the Indian Court was driven away from his farm and an Unfriendly Hopi sat up housekeeping there with a stolen Oraibi women. The newcomers calmly prepared to build houses on choice sites in Old Oraibi, and take over the fields and flocks of the Friendlies. There was not sufficient water, nor even enough cornfields for the old time dwellers, and if the usurpers were permitted to cut in there would be famine for all of them. So, when an Unfriendly erected walls for a home, the Friendlies pushed them down.

There was a general melee. Unfriendlies from the Second Mesa, and the Orabai Unfriendlies that had brought the scourge upon the peaceful dwellers, were pulled from their homes and pushed outside the village. Children screamed, dogs howled and the wild eagles chained to the house tops added their shrill screams to the confusion. Sheep and goats milled around unherded, bleating piteously. Outside of one Unfriendly woman being seriously hurt in the fight, little bodily injury was done. After the intruders were driven from the village they went about four miles away and squatted there in a bewildered group. A government worker, Mrs. Gates, who had witnessed the fight went out to them and saw that the women and children were in a rather desperate plight. She gallantly rode back to triumphant Oraibi and implored the chief to allow the outcasts to return for their food and bedding. He agreed that they might come in groups of three and get what was necessary. The Agent arrived about that time and spent the night sleeping on the ground between the two factions.

With morning Agent Lemmon was able to get leaders of both parties together and work out a solution of the affair. Some of the old timers began to remember vaguely, old prophecies regarding Oraibi and what would become of it. It would be disrupted by a civil war and the victorious members would wax very strong and leave Oraibi, while the weaker ones would stay and die with the village. There was to be a sort of grand stand play something like Jacob wrestling with the Angel. So two lines were drawn, fifty feet apart, and the Chief of the Unfriendlies took his position half way between the lines. If he and the Unfriendlies could push across the line nearest the village, they were to stay and occupy it. If the Friendlies could push them back over the second line, then the Unfriendlies must leave the spot forever. It must have been quite a struggle, lasting from early morning until almost sunset and then the Unfriendlies were pushed back across the outer line and the battle was ended. The wrinkled old chief of the Unfriendlies walked in front of his followers and lifted a trembling hand.

"It was so to be," he declared. "Our people must leave here in four days and start our wanderings toward the North. An ancient prophecy so declares. The vanquished must leave the doomed village of Oraibi and the Hopi country forever; they must go far to the North, to the land of "Ka-weis-ti-ma" told of in our religious songs; no one knows where this place is or what it looks like when it is reached, but the initiated have such a knowledge of it, they will recognize it when reached."

The people on both sides were quiet, and the Agent walked among the Unfriendlies gazing into faces that bore the look of sorrow belonging to one leaving forever the land of his childhood. The chief spoke calmly to Agent Lemmon of their proposed travels to a land where no white man was to be found; where no children were sent to white schools, and where haircuts were not compulsory. There was abject misery in the face of the old man as he talked. He began to realize now that the heat of battle had cooled, that he and his followers were truly exiles. The Agent told the men crowded around that there was no such land up north. The land belonged to white men and to the Utes and Bannocks and Shoshones, who would not yield an inch to the Hopis. He told them they had better travel two days to the North and make a long camp there while they sent their young men out to scout the country. "There is no water up there and the old people and the children will perish and be buried in strange soil."

The object of the sensible agent was to get them to camp near enough for aid to reach them. He knew many would return of their own accord and beg to live with the Friendlies again. There were some six hundred of the Hopi wanderers, but two-thirds of them did not believe the old prophecy and were merely there because they were dominated by the Medicine Men. Once the band left the Reservation they were outlaws and could be forcefully returned and the leaders imprisoned, which the Agent knew to be the best thing for the entire tribe.

For four days they lingered around until they had collected their belongings from Oraibi under the watchful eye of Friendlies who enforced the rule of only three entering the village at one time, and then all the sheep and goats were driven into corrals and the property of the Unfriendlies picked out. At sunset of the fourth day they slowly drew away from Old Oraibi. They traveled to the present site of Hotevilla and settled down to await reports from their scouts. At first they built shelters similar to those of the Navajos. There was still contention among the wanderers, and when the scouts failed to find the Promised Land, the Unfriendlies wanted to build themselves a permanent village where they were squatting. The Friendlies, being the wronged faction, were consulted by Agent Lemmon, and after a lengthy agreement was drawn up and signed by both Friendlies and Unfriendlies and countersigned by the Agent, the building of Hotevilla began. But, one provision was that the Hostiles who still felt hostile must draw away from the main group and make a village for themselves where they could sulk and glower to their heart's content, as long as they sent their children to school and abided by the laws of the Reservation. The incorrigible leaders were arrested and long before Al Capone graced Alcatraz with his presence, several Hopi Chiefs lent the place dignity. They were confined there until they were forgotten at home and their places of influence tak-

until they had collected their belongings from Oraibi under the watchful eye of Friendlies who enforced the rule of only three entering the village at one time, and then all the sheep and goats were driven into corrals and the property of the Unfriendlies picked out. At sunset of the fourth day they slowly drew away from Old Oraibi. They traveled to the present site of Hotevilla and settled down to await reports from their scouts. At first they built shelters similar to those of the Navajos. There was still contention among the wanderers, and when the scouts failed to find the Promised Land, the Unfriendlies wanted to build themselves a permanent village where they were squatting. The Friendlies, being the wronged faction, were consulted by Agent Lemmon, and after a lengthy agreement was drawn up and signed by both Friendlies and Unfriendlies and countersigned by the Agent, the building of Hotevilla began. But, one provision was that the Hostiles who still felt hostile must draw away from the main group and make a village for themselves where they could sulk and glower to their heart's content, as long as they sent their children to school and abided by the laws of the Reservation. The incorrigible leaders were arrested and long before Al Capone graced Alcatraz with his presence, several Hopi Chiefs lent the place dignity. They were confined there until they were forgotten at home and their places of influence takgovernment built themselves the village of Bacabi where they still hold forth. But Hotevilla took shape under the industrious Hopis, and they were aided in every way by Agent Lemmon who felt they had learned their lesson. Watering places and fields were divided and farming implements provided. Today, Hotevilla is perhaps the most progressive of all the Hopi villages, and here are staunch supporters of the government. The busy housewives weave their wicker baskets and gossip about the turbulent days when they were shoved out to wander in the wilderness. Gaunt old Oraibi's destiny is being fulfilled. The rooms are empty and echo only to the squeak of bats and scurry of mice. On forsaken housetops owls roost where eagles were once chained. It is a dying village. Less than two dozen people live within the ruined houses. This year hundreds of thrill-seeking white people will drive their cars over the very spot the lines were drawn and the struggle for supremacy took place. And the blank walls of Old Oraibi echo the sound of travel hurrying to Hotevilla, whose birth caused the death of the first mesa home of the Hopis.(Continued from Page 14) burro, but Dobie turned up his nose at the suds. In horror Jose saw his gift spurned. "Caramba," he shouted, "a whole bucket of beer! Why do you no drink?" In strident tones Jose swore at his friend, then apologized and begged him to drink. Finally Jose dropped a can of beer in the bucket and chortled in delight as Dobie, now realizing the great value of the gift, drained the contents and pawed the bucket in good burro language meaning "more." It was after the third bucketful that Dobie, purely in a sportive gesture, reached over and nipped a piece from Jose's coat. In great anger Jose cuffed his friend across the head. "Vamos, you ungrateful wretch," he shouted. But Dobie didn't mind the angry words, and what is a playful blow among friends, so he nipped a piece from Jose's trousers. Now feeling most fatuously pleased, Dobie took a playful kick at the bar, which obligingly upset. "Ah, por Dios, what happens to my poor Dobie?" wailed the dazed Jose. But Dobie, feeling as one so often does

A Bout With Bacchus

(Continued from Page 14) burro, but Dobie turned up his nose at the suds. In horror Jose saw his gift spurned. "Caramba," he shouted, "a whole bucket of beer! Why do you no drink?" In strident tones Jose swore at his friend, then apologized and begged him to drink. Finally Jose dropped a can of beer in the bucket and chortled in delight as Dobie, now realizing the great value of the gift, drained the contents and pawed the bucket in good burro language meaning "more." It was after the third bucketful that Dobie, purely in a sportive gesture, reached over and nipped a piece from Jose's coat. In great anger Jose cuffed his friend across the head. "Vamos, you ungrateful wretch," he shouted. But Dobie didn't mind the angry words, and what is a playful blow among friends, so he nipped a piece from Jose's trousers. Now feeling most fatuously pleased, Dobie took a playful kick at the bar, which obligingly upset. "Ah, por Dios, what happens to my poor Dobie?" wailed the dazed Jose. But Dobie, feeling as one so often does In a like predicament, wavered unsteady on his four feet and staggered toward the door; misjudging its location he crashed through the show case window. It was nearly morning before Dobie found Jose, and then he could only hear his voice for Jose was in jail. Still strongly under the influence of what he had drunk, on seeing his once favorite companion, he proceeded to damn himwith a fluent collection of strong oaths. Poor Dobie, suffering an attack of nausea, meekly stood in the street outside hopefully thinking of the millennium. Next morning everyone in Santo Granado was laughing about Jose and his burro, Dobie. The beer salesman, however hurried to the jail and paid Jose's fine. Jose and Dobie made up on sight and the salesman led the still tipsy pair back to the scene of their crime, where Dobie, on seeing his favorite grog shop, brayed delightedly and staggered within. There before photographers and newspapermen the bucket was again filled (with the salesman's particular brew) and pictures taken as Dobie proceeded to "drink her down." Perchance it was the early morning hour, or the memorable party the previous evening, and again it might have been something he ate, but Dobie took a turn for the worse. Gathering their belongings, Jose, not feeling too well himself, led his sick companion toward their home. "Dobie is sick, me too. But we drink so much! I shall better watch mi amigo next time." To this Dobie gave a most violent belch. Jose looked in distress at his friend. "There will be another time, mi amigo! Quien sabe!"

THE Golden FLEECE

for Southwestern sheep, for the extra yield of from two to three pounds a year means an increased annual income of around one dollar per unit-which may mean the difference between profit and loss to sheepmen.

This innovation in sheep-raising was recently epitomized as the end of “territorial” sheep-raising by Jerrie W. Lee, secretary of the Arizona Wool Growers' Association. New scientific study of sheep, he said, has brought the ancient industry under the wing of 20th century marketing conditions in only the past ten years.

Lee recites many new uses for sheep, one a recent finding of the University of Arizona extension staff that may be invaluable to root-crop agriculturists throughout the world.

Arizona and California lettuce crops have been bothered for several years by brown root-rot, a fungus growth, that thwarted all chemical counter-attacks. The fungus impregnated the soil where the crop was grown, and despite the purity of seed and careful tillage, infected crop after crop. Uncle Sam's crop inspectors lopped enormous values off the lettuce crops in condemning certain fields and giving other harvests inferior standardization ratings.

Then a flock of sheep was turned into a lettuce field, and, in the manner of sheep, ate the entire lettuce plant, both head and root. When the field was levelled the flock was driven into a dry pen and kept there four days. The parasitic growth was consumed by the sheep and in four days fell to the pen floor as droppings. The fungi was harmless and dry.

It is this trait and others that are making sheep so valuable to irrigated districts.

Under the citrus and pecan orchards of the Southwest sheep graze during the entire year. The shade of the trees protect flocks from a glaring summer sun and the sheep keep down noxious grasses and leave chemically-valuable droppings. Crops have definitely improved with this treatment, orchard owners have reported.

Sheep have narrow upper molar teeth and narrow muzzles, making it easy for them to crop grasses closely. Along ditch-banks in irrigated lands they eat away Johnson grass and prolific weeds that have, in the past, brought about an enormous outlay for ditch-cleaning. In the Salt River Valley project in Central Arizona, the presence of grazing sheep on ditch-banks may save as much as $100,000 annually. It is the ability of the sheep to browse closely, and their sharp hooves that chop grass they do not consume, that has made them the object of cattlemen's hate, and in recent years a more rigid federal control over the forest reserves and public domain have made grazing lands more expensive and less available.

But the story about cattle not grazing where sheep have been is untrue. Although a glandular bag between the middle toes of most species of sheep secretes an unctuous and odorous substance over grass and rocks, this does not deter the indiscriminating cattle from grazing wherever there is a blade of grass. There is even “dual range” in the West today.

That the “territorial” days of lonely shepherds and large flocks may be nearly over is emphasized by the expense of pasturage during the winter months. Usually, when the sheep are driven into valleys, they are put in pastures of alfalfa or grain, for which alert farmers have charged from two or two and a half cents a day for each sheep. Sheepmen contend the rate is too high and experts have been secured to study consumption and work out an equitable rate.

Indian wards of the United States government at the Sacaton Indian Reservation on the Gila River have fattened their purses by making a contract with the sheepmen for winter grazing at two and one-sixth cents a head.

Because sheep formerly grazed in the valleys about 100 days a season, the rates cut deeply into profits, and often wiped them out completely until sheepmen have found that it is more economical to abandon mountain grazing, and instead raise their own crops of alfalfa and grain.

This may mean that the non-talkative Basque shepherd who has become indicative of “territorial” sheep-herding in America may in the future learn to straddle a tractor seat or to wield an irrigation shovel. It seems almost fantastic, but it's true.

On the Indian reservations of the West, Merino sheep are the staff of life for the pastoral Navajos who graze their flocks on rocky plateaus with the guiding and supporting arm of the federal government as protection against low market conditions, extraordinary snowfalls, and other misfortunes.

The Indian's sheep are descendants of Spanish flocks first brought to the New World 300 years ago by the Spanish missionaries and Conquistadores and today are inferior as both wool and mutton producers to the white-man's flocks. The Indian sheep stay in the highlands the year around, seeking winter protection in deep box canyons that mark the Colorado plateau.

In the past three decades the white values somehow forgotten in the past century.

Milady's finest soap (Vanity Fair) is made of a lanolin base, and the 60 pounds of grease taken from each 100 pounds of fleece is not discarded, but is sold for its valued use in washing grime from human skins.

Up in the hills there has been little

GILA MONSTER

man has discarded his old cross-strain Merino bucks and their scrawny characteristics and has imported the Rambouillet and Hampshires from France and England. They produce excellent mutton and heavy fleeces.

Every year, more and more farms of the West are adding a few sheep as an "incidental" cash crop, and in increased numbers and the double fleece clipped has added countless dollars to the sheep industry. The Southwest is becoming a "fleece-wool" producing area like the upper Ohio valleys. Commercial value of sheep by-products has not yet been totally computed, for it has been only in the last five years that extensive new uses have been seriously considered, and with a view toward bringing a return to the producer as well as to the wool processor or to the packer. Intestines of sheep are meeting wider use as sausage-casing, and are used in

THE COLORADO BUILDERS SUPPLY CO.

Specialists on Reinforced Steel Mesh Guard, Fence Stays 1534 Blake Street, Denver Plants at Denver and Pueblo

NORMAN G. WALLACE

a dried form for stringing tennis racquets; but above and beyond all new uses of sheep by-products are the pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses to which they are set. Insulin is a valuable sheep product, and now tallow from the sheep carcass is being used in medicine. Old cultures used this tallow to cure cuts and today scientists have awakened to the curativechange in the sheep industry. There the shepherd is still a romantic figure, with his flocks and his dogs. But in the valleys, new methods of handling sheep, new uses for sheep products, and new fields for development foreshadow a more prosperous era.

There has been an awakening, finally, in man's oldest industry of tending flocks.

LEE MOOR CONTRACTING COMPANY

807 BASSETT TOWER EL PASO, TEXAS

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ROAD PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION DISTRICT NO.1

J. R. Van Horn, District Engineer Tanner Construction Company has contract 36% complete for the grading draining, A. B. C. and road oil (SC-4 road mix) of approximately 2% miles of the Phoenix-Prescott highway, beginning three miles north of the Wickenburg bridge and extending south, F. A. 59, 3rd Reo. Sch. 2. Joe de Arozena, resident engineer.

Tiffany Construction Co., has contract 55% complete for grading, draining, A. B. C. and A. S. T. of approximately 4½ miles of the Ajo-Gila Bend highway, beginning about five miles north of Ajo and extending north, F. A. S. 120-В. Н. Pinney, resident engineer.

Warren Southwest, Inc., has a contract for the grading, draining, aggregate base course and asphaltic surface treatment of 9.25 miles of the Hope-Parker Highway, beginning at the town of Parker and extending southeasterly, F. L. P. 7-A. Don Alexander, resident engineer.

DISTRICT NO. 2

F. N. Grant, District Engineer Oswald Brothers have contract 42% complete for the subgrading roadway and refinishing slopes, and placing aggregate base course and 90-95 road oil, plant mix, and one-half miles of asphaltic surface treatment, beginning at Cameron and extending northerly about 25.6 miles on the Flagstaff-Fredonia highway, F.A. 95-B and F. L. 4-C. J. B. Robinson, resident engineer.

Heuser and Garnet have contract 69% complete for grading, draining, aggregate base course and asphaltic surface treatment. Beginning at Holbrook and extending southerly about 11.75 miles on the Showlow-Holbrook highway F. A. 131-А. Н. В. Wright, resident engineer.

Lee Moor Contracting Company has contract 97% complete for subgrading roadway and refinishing slopes and placing A. B. C. and asphaltic surface treatment of approximately 20 miles on U. S. Highway 89, beginning near Lee's Ferry and extending south, F. L. P. 4-E. Oscar A. Maupin, resident engineer.

DISTRICT NO. 3

R. C. Perkins, District Engineer N. G. Hill has contract 80% complete for the subgrading and aggregate base course and asphaltic surface treatment of approximately 2014 miles of the Globe-Showlow Highway, F. A. 105 D. to J. A. F. Rath, resident engineer.

Geo. W. Orr and J. G. North have contract 55% complete for subgrading roadway and refinishing slopes, placing aggregate base course and asphaltic surface treatment on approximately 15.5 miles of the Globe-Superior Highway, F. A. 99-H. I. J. 1st Reo., which begins about 50 miles northeast of Globe and extends northeasterly. C. B. Browning, resident engineer.

Lee Moor Contracting Company has contract 58% complete for grading, draining, aggregate base course and cutback road mix of approximately 1.6 miles of the Superior-Miami Highway, F. A. 16, 2nd, Reo., beginning about 3.5 miles northeast of Superior and extending northeasterly. R. D. Canfield, resident engineer.

Pearson and Dickerson has contract 59% complete for the grading, draining, A. B. C. and A. S. T. of 3½ miles of the Safford-Bowie Junction highway, beginning approximately 84 miles south of Safford and extending south 3½ miles, F. A. S. 115-C. A. J. Kerr, resident engineer.

W. E. Hall Construction Co., has contract 44% complete for the grading and draining of 6.75 miles of the Solomon ville-Duncan Highway, beginning about 11.5 miles east of Solomonville and extending easterly, F. A. 77-B. A. J. Kerr, resident engineer.

DISTRICT NO. 4

William R. Hutchins, District Engineer State forces have work 90% complete on grading and draining 7 miles of roadway on Nogales-Patagonia Highway. A. F. E. 8214. R. C. Bond, resident engineer.

Daley Corporation has contract 97% complete for grading, draining, placing aggregate base course and asphaltic surface treatment on approximately six miles of the Benson-Steins Pass Highway, F. A. 130-A., beginning at Willcox and extending northeasterly. George Lang, resident engineer.

Pearson and Dickerson has contract 27% complete for the grading, draining, A. B. C. and road oil plant mix, of approximately 13% miles of the TucsonNogales Highway, beginning about 8% miles north of Tucson and extending south. F. A. 86-A., 3rd Reo. Dan Lyons, resident engineer.

Fisher Contracting Co., has contract 48% complete for grading, draining and oil processing (cutback road mix) of approximately 1% miles of the Tucson-Ajo Highway, beginning at Ajo and extending south, F. A. S. 110-D. H. Pinney, resident engineer.

Martin Contruction Co., has contract 46% complete for the grading, draining, aggregate base course and oil processing (S. C. 2, road oil, road mix) of 5.5 miles of the Douglas-Safford Highway, beginning about 26 miles north of Douglas and extending northerly, F. A. S. 114-E. F. A. Berg, resident engineer.

Packard Contracting Company has contract 16% complete for the grading, draining, aggregate base course and oil process (S. C. 2, road oil mix) of 6.1 miles of the Benson-Steins Pass Highway, beginning at the Arizona-New Mexico state line and extending westerly, F. A. 130-B. Geo. Lang, resident engineer.

Tanner Contruction Company has contract 24% complete for the grading, draining, aggregate base course and oil processing (S. C. 2, road oil mix, of 3.6 miles of the A jo-Tucson Highway, beginning at the Papago Indian ReservaPHOENIX BLUE PRINT CO.

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