Phoenix Newspapers: Yesterday and Today

Articles from Egyptian tombs, with nothing less than 2000 and many more than 5000 years of age represented, including tear bottles, into which mourners wept, and statuettes which must have resembled the persons entombed. Stone carvings from ancient Mexican ruins, Peruvian pottery, and bone beads, arrowheads, stone implements and pictograph stones from the Great Temple mounds in Oklahoma, are also found in this room.

Another room contains an exhibit of Hopi, Zuni, Acoma and Rio Pueblo culture, while still another, the Southwestern basket room, contains Pima and Apache basketry in its finest stages of development. Included are some excellent miniature Pima baskets.

West Coast basketry, the work of tribes all the way from Mexico to Point Barrow, baskets with feather-covered bottoms, and tiny baskets as small as a pea, are displayed in another room. A sixth room features northwestern basketry, an Alaskan collection of spears, wooden masks which had been nailed up by the graves, and harpoons. Also found in this room are artifacts of the Sioux and Winnebago Indians.

Through a spacious patio and up a winding stairway, the second floor exhibit rooms of the Heard Museum are reached. One large room holds a great variety of articles from the Phillippines, Hawaii and the South Seas. There is a Sudanese collection of silver, Arabic jewelry, Nubian adornments of gold and bronze, an Arabian warrior's accoutrement. Abyssinian war implements, and a head-hunter's basket with its fancy feathered effect which will camouflage the cannibal into the semblance of a bush while he creeps up on his doomed quarry.

A room contains art objects from China, Japan and Korea, with its idols, great chests, ivory and other articles. A large auditorium on the second floor, which is used as a meeting place for clubs and where lectures are often held during the winter season, also contains a huge Chinese rug with inscriptions around the border, magnificent in its size, colorings and design.

The Heard Museum has a large reference library with books dealing with all phases of peoples and arts, represented in the museum. Included is a complete series of annual reports of the Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Museum of American Ethnology bulletins, Smithsonian Scientific series, and many other publications of archaeological value. Also available are many popular publications, ranging from children's folk stories to standard and recent works by widely-known authors.

The Arizona Museum, located at Tenth Avenue and Van Buren Street, is noted not only for its prehistoric collection, but also for the fine pioneer days relics, typical of the Arizona frontier. The museum was incorporated in 1923 by the Phoenix Chapter of the D.A.R. and thirty other civic organizations, and the relics were moved from temporary quarters to a permanent home in University Park in 1927.

The Arizona Museum at first glance tells its story that wonderful record of discovery, of privation, disaster and fulfillment on the Western frontier. Within the door a large glass case contains the gun of Jack Swilling, who built the first house in Salt River Valley, a "scrap of lace," a shawl brought from Spain by the grandmother of Mrs. Swilling, and an old Spanish Crucifix. And so a rather pathetic bit of woman's finery, a gun, and the symbol of the church graphically tell the story of Arizona life in days which are now history, and which were not so long ago. A great case of guns gives mute tribute to Indian days, and other numerous simple domestic articles indicate the life led by the women whose homes these guns protected.

The mode of life in early Arizona is represented and reflected by exhibits of pioneer kitchenware, and costumes worn in the 1850's and 1860's. Examples of exquisite old needlework and crewel work are proof enough that, in spite of the hardships and crudities of pioneer life, women of that era retained the ability to perform delicate feminine arts, plus the taste to enjoy them.

Other relics in the Arizona Museum typical of the Arizona frontier are powder horns, sabers, a side saddle used by Mrs. "Lum" Gray, the first American woman in the Salt River Valley; branding irons; stones and leg irons from the first stone jail built in Phoenix; outlaw knives and an old muzzle loading cannon brought from Texas which is said to have been used at the Alamo.

A pair of ox shoes is reminiscent of the period of transportation during which all heavy freight into this territory was drawn by oxen from Yuma. Camel's hair recalls the ill starred attempt of the United States government to institute an Army camel corps to carry supplies across the desert. Ostrich eggs and feathers from one of the ostrich farms that thrived in Phoenix during the nineties, are also on display.

Mining history of the state is represented by an old style dry washer from Quartzsite, and an extensive collection of mineral specimens.

A second room contains Indian artifacts. Pottery ranging from shards to perfect specimens of bowls and burial urns, well preserved skeletal remains, figurines, arrows, sandals, remnants of old basketry and other interesting articles are shown. Also on display are modern examples of pottery, weaving and basketry by Arizona Indians.

Of special interest is the old locomotive that stands outside of the museum. Known as "Dinky" it was once a busy little engine operated at the Bunker Hill mine in Tombstone, where it served a useful part in the early mining history of the state.

To the left of the portico at the museum entrance stands the old Bichard flouring mill, the first modern mill in the Salt River Valley. In 1869, when this antiquated set of grinders was considered the most improved machinery available, it was shipped from the Pacific Coast, first to Adamsville, now a ghost town, and later to Phoenix where it was placed in operation on the site of the present Luhrs block in downtown Phoenix.

On the walls of the museum hang several paintings, one, an oil by Frederick F. Dellenbaugh who was a member of Major Powell's expedition down the Colorado River through Grand Canyon. The picture, titled "On the Grand Canyon," was said to have been painted from memory. Another important picture in the museum and a gift of Samuel H. Kress, is the painting by Girolama Genga of "The Madonna Enthroned with the Child and Four Saints."

Quite as important as the museum, depositories of irreplaceable relics of the past, are the depositories of books rare and valuable as well as newspapers of the early days, and various (Continued on Page Fifty-eight)

ARIZONA REPUBLIC Phoenix Yesterday BY JOSEPH Japan Oil Port Fired By Yanks Austria Plane Plant Bombed From Africa Cha Is E Direct GERMAN ROUT DEATH GERMANS IN MAD FLIGHT PHOENIX EVENING GAZETTE Foe Runs Allied atlet Top Allied Chieftains Begin Secret Parley

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A Swiss radio report said Friday Brak while later atiaria that an American four-engined land between Bryansk and Anni-plane. The radio report Transported by American

(INS) -Senior officers of the announced in a apoc warships and coastal eraft and Royal Arte are reported to be confident that vicinity of Spas craft

The first newspaper to be published in Phoenix, the Salt River Valley Herald, made its appearance in January of 1878. In its first issue appeared a complete history of the beginning of Phoenix, of early irrigation projects, and of some of the earliest pioneers. These articles by the editor were given credit for the most accurate and complete data available, aside from the few meager records which exist.

A year later the name of the publication was changed to the Phoenix Herald, and it was made a semi-weekly instead of a weekly. In the fall of the same year the paper became a daily. The paper flourished under the editorial management of N. A. Morford, who later became territorial secretary of Arizona. His able pen did much to call attention to the resources of the Phoenix area.

In 1880, the Arizona Gazette made its appearance in Phoenix as a competitive news-paper. This paper still covers the evening field in Phoenix as the Phoenix Gazette after years of vicissitudes and of many changes of ownership and of policy.

Radio Address

The Arizona Republican was started as a seven-day daily in 1890. Most of the stockholders were territorial government officials, including the governor, and the paper was at that time practically an organ. The overhead was excessive and the paper was then said to be far ahead of its time. The first Associated Press report ever taken in Arizona came into the Republican's office. Eight years after its initial issue, the paper was purchased by Frank M. Murphy of Prescott, and returned to a dignified paper of value, from a newspaper standpoint. The sheet was placed in charge of C. C. Randolph, a Washington journalist.

There were other papers born in Phoenix during the early days, only to soon pass away; one of the more interesting being the Weekly Expositor. This publication was first started at Yuma. The owner, aware of the flourish-ing new town of Phoenix, decided to transfer his print shop, which was hauled overland on a wagon. This must have been a rough and rocky trip in 1879; the route today by paved highway being 200 miles between these two cities.

The Phoenix newspapers of the "Gay Nineties" and the early years of the present century were tremendously interesting. The times have changed so much and the style of writing and advertising are so very different now, that it is like seeing an old silent movie to pore over the stained pages of Phoenix newspapers of yester-year. The caustic editorial bombasting between rival newspapers was on the borderline of libel under present day standards, but proved spicy reading for the pioneers in this new town on the desert, as it proves spicy reading in reviewing these old copies today, which are carefully preserved in Arizona's Department of Library and Archives in the state capitol building.

A subject of major importance in the early days was the departure of citizens, on vaca tions to the seaside, as the Pacific Coast was then called; business trips and what not. Seldom did the movement of a localite escape reaching the columns of the newspaper, whether the trip was five hundred miles away, or just a nice buggy ride to our neighbor city of Tempe, nine miles to the east. At that time, there was a question as to which was to be the future big town, Phoenix or Tempe, according to a descendant of a pioneer Tem pean who chose and purchased land there instead of an area in what is now the Phoenix business section. This is just an illustration of how the outlook appeared at that time. Tempe is now the home of the Arizona State Teachers College and has a population of up wards of 3,000. Phoenix is a metropolitan city of upwards of 125,000 persons living with in a six-mile radius of the postoffice, according to a 1940 postoffice estimate. As a matter of fact, Phoenix and Tempe have very little space between not occupied at this time.

The following account from a Phoenix correspondent of the San Diego Union, written in 1872, gives a picture of the new town and furnishes a background for some interesting new items found later in the local papers. The report reads: "This is a smart town which had its first house completed about a year ago. Now it contains many houses, also stores, work shops, hotels, butcher shop, bakery, court house, jail, and an excellent school which has been in operation for months. Lately hundreds of ornamental trees have been set out which in a few years will give the town the appearance of a 'forest city' and will add to its beauty and comfort. When it has become the capital city of the Territory, which it will, undoubtedly, at no very distant day, and when the 'iron horse' steams through our country on the Texas Pacific road, Salt River Valley will be the garden of the Pacific Slope, and Phoenix the most important inland town." The correspondent's optimistic prophecy has been more than realized.

The Phoenix Daily Herald of January 11, 1897 reported: "The streets of Phoenix are very much in the position of that Arkansas fellow's house that had no roof when it rained he couldn't put a roof on and when it didn't rain he didn't need it. Barring the dirt, our streets are tolerably fair in dry weather, but in wet weather they are simply execrable. Today our city authorities should put on their storm clothes and fishing boots and wade up Washington street (the main thoroughfare) to determine fully the depth of mud and water that threatens to back into basements in places. Another point they would discover is the fact that our street crossings are merely excuses for crossings, so narrow that they are covered from side to side with mud. More than that, they will discover that more cross ings are badly needed at Second Avenue and Washington, at First Avenue and Adams and Jefferson, at First (street) and Adams and Jef ferson streets and other points where there is large foot travel. The thing for the City Council to get at, however, is the paving of Washington street from Seventh street to Sev nth avenue, Adams street likewise, and Center (now Central Avenue) from the SFP&P track to the northern limit of the city." Washington and Central are now the two main arteries with Adams and Jefferson and First street and First avenue one block north and south and one block east and west, respectively.

Another item at that time reads: "Business was generally suspended today although the stores were open as usual. No one who was not compelled to put in an appearance on the streets owing to the rain and the muddy con dition of the thoroughfares came out."

During this particular time the following advertisement appeared in the same paper: "The mud is deep everywhere but on our crossing. Come see why. Barnes, Benham & Brizard. The curio men. Second Avenue and Jefferson St."

Reminiscent of the good old horse and buggy days are these Phoenix items published in the Herald in January of 1897: "Monday morning a gentleman and his wife arrived in the city from Walnut Grove with a wagon loaded with cabbage, which they intended to dispose of in this city. Last night the man created a dis turbance in Goldman & Company's store and was arrested. This morning when he was re leased he went to the corral where he had left his horses and wagon, and found that dur ing the time he was in jail his wife with an other man had gone to the corral and had taken the horses, wagon and cabbages and dis appeared with them. The eloping couple were kind enough to leave to the deserted spouse two horses out of the four that had been hitched to the wagon, so he could return home. He is now making every effort to locate the runaway couple."

Interesting too is the item: "A Chinaman was arrested this morning for letting his team stand on the street unhitched. He was fined $3 and will hereafter hitch his horses before leaving them on the street."

And getting on to bicycles, we read this item: "Mr. Dave Goldberg is not an expert bicycle rider and still he had the opinion until this morning that he was. This morning he was coming down Washington street on his wheel when he struck a mud hole. The wheel stopped to investigate but Dave kept right on and when he struck the ground, which was just about the center of the mud-hole, he did so on his face."

Perhaps the most beautiful drive in Phoenix today is north on Central avenue where the great ash trees, planted in the early days by W. J. Murphy, form a great archway for miles. An item published in the Phoenix Daily Herald in March, 1897, states: "The toll road on North Center street is a beautiful drive this weather and the bicycle track which par allels it is a joy to wheelmen."

The little town of Phoenix was still having its street troubles in 1900, according to an item in the "Gazette" which reads as follows: "That infernal night street sprinkler is abroad in the land once more, and the citizens living along the route of this marauder are again calling in the family physician. It looks as though this system was encouraged by the medical profession."

A prediction made in the Gazette in 1900 regarding one of Arizona's illustrious citizens did not fall short by any means and it refers to none other than Arizona's senior senator who has represented this state for so many years in the Congress of the United States. The article states: "Carl Hayden, the big, rugged boy of Mr. and Mrs. C. T. Hay den of Tempe, was an excited witness of the football game yesterday. Carl is now in charge of his father's entire property and the young man has abundant ability to conduct the af fairs. He is one of the brightest young men in Arizona."

Two news items appearing just before the turn of the century give us occasion for deep thought in which the irony of fate is laid before us. "Japan has an order in at the Baldwin Locomotive works, Pha., for fifty nine locomotives, fifteen of which have been shipped and the remaining forty-four of which are to go forward before the end of March, all of which goes to give a very clear idea of the enterprise and rapid growth of the cherry blossom nation." And here's the other: "One hundred Japanese laborers are expected to reach Phoenix on Thursday morning from San Francisco to work in the valley for the English syndicate that is interested in canaigre culture. It is understood that this company intends greatly enlarging its operations this summer and that a large plant for the handling of that product will be put in operation.

In 1899, the Phoenix Daily Herald was con solidated with the Arizona Republican, and in 1912, the journal passed to the ownership of a company headed by Dwight B. Heard and its policies were changed to conform to Mr. Heard's progressive ideas. For the greater part of the Republican's history it has profited by the services of J. W. Spear, its editor. Both Mr. Heard and Mr. Spear have since passed away. The paper's name was changed in 1930 to the Arizona Republic, as a preliminary to the purchase of the Phoenix Gazette, and today, these two outstanding newspapers, the Arizona Republic and the Phoenix Gazette, serve not only the Phoenix field morning and evening respec tively, but together with the Sunday Republic, every city and town in the state. It is stated that approximately four out of five homes in Ari zona are served by newspapers from this Phoenix enterprise.

It is most interesting and perhaps to many persons inside and outside the profession, al most unprecedented the fact that "away out

in the middle of the desert" there's an outfit that, although small in comparison to many others, continues to make history in the newspaper field. One feature contributing to this institution's success undoubtedly is the fact that ownership of the two dailies and associated institutions, which include a printery, an engraving plant, the Printery Building, the Weekly Gazette, and the affiliation with radio stations, is in the hands of those who actively work in the organization. An editor, for instance, under the established policy, could not resign or retire from the firm without relinquishing his holdings to the active membership of the firm.

Another reason for the success of these two newspapers is the availability of the output of the three greatest news gathering organizations in the world-the Associated Press, United Press and International News Service. Phoenix has been on the "main line" of the AP since 1936, being included on the transcontinental trunk wire. The Arizona offices of the AP are but a few steps from the Republic and Gazette newsroom. From this point round the clock news of the world comes in, and news of Arizona is transmitted over the wires.

There are an unusually large number of countable features to be found in the Republic and Gazette. One of the best known throughout the country, coming from a local source, is the editorial cartoon work by Reg Manning, found on the back page of the morning Republic. Manning has been nationally recognized and his cartoons are often reproduced in the leading publications of the times.The annual Resource Edition, consisting of from 160 to 180 pages of pictures and stories of the state's attractions, its resources, industry and culture, published annually since the early 1920's, is said to be one of the finest contributions in the newspaper field. The circulation of this special edition has reached as high as 90,000 copies for one edition, these copies being distributed throughout the United States and the world. Due to the war, a special "Arizona in Wartime" edition has temporarily replaced the voluminous Resource Edition.

In the busy life of these two Phoenix dailies, three activities, aside from the publication of the news, stand out. For many years the Pioneers Annual Reunion, held annually in Phoenix for the entertainment of those who resided in the state prior to 1891, has been of great importance and one of long memories. The two day celebration, sponsored by the Republic and Gazette, include a mammoth barbecue and a grand ball.

The annual high school oratorical contest, a part of the American Legion's nation-wide oratorical competition on the subject of the Constitution of the United States, is sponsored by the Phoenix newspapers who contribute $1,000 annually in prizes for the state level of competition. In 1938, John Janson, 16-yearold Phoenician, after winning the Arizona title for two successive years, went on to win the U. S. title. After defeating the three other regional winners at Norman, Oklahoma, Janson later competed in a nation-wide Young Republicans' oratorical contest in Washington, D. C., winning the national title in that event.

A third important public service rendered is the sponsorship of the annual Learn to Swim campaigns, held at the University Swimming pool. The fourteenth annual campaign has just been concluded, and during these annual series, over 13,000 youngsters have learned to swim through the play method, and are granted their certificates at the conclusion of the courseand upon demonstration of their ability to swim across the pool unaided. We have touched but briefly upon some of the many fine things that could be said about these progressive newspapers in the capital city of the youngest state in the Union. When it is considered that the state's official population in the 1940 census was but 500,000, these figures stand out all the more indelibly, and parallel the growth of our state and capital city Circulation of the Arizona Republic in 1914, 5,973; circulation of the Arizona Republic in 1943, 45,115. The Phoenix Gazette's evening circulation in 1915 was 5,229. In 1943, the figure stands at 27,963. The combined morning and evening papers, June, 1943 circulation was 73,078, and the combined evening and Sunday circulation figure reached 82,113. Yes, these Phoenix newspapers serve approximately four out of five homes in Arizona, an enviable record for any man's newspaper accomplishment.

Red Cross Canteen

(Continued from Page One) With this encouraging start, surely there was but the question of time until the project would be under way.

Plans for the canteen were drawn by army engineers to conform with the space selected and provided by the Union Station officials. The project, after two weeks of study, was given a high priority rating by the War Production Board in Washington, and the question of materials came to an end.

The canteen occupies a space fifty by fifty feet at the east end of the Union Station portico. The interior as well is painted white, and service bar and wainscot are trimmed in blue.

Metal chairs around the tables are red.

The canteen was dedicated January 28, 1943, in impressive ceremonies featuring Governor Sidney P. Osborn, representatives of the armed services, and hundreds of enthusiastic Phoenicians. Said Governor Osborn, "You who have sons flying in bombers over Europe or fighting in the dank jungles of the South Pacific are going to be happy that there will be a room to take care of some other boys, and your hearts will be warmed by the thought that in other faraway places other people are doing the same for your boys."

It was immediately realized by the populace that it costs money to operate a project such as this, even though practically everything needed to conduct the canteen was donated. Whether to expect ten, a hundred, or a thousand boys during a day or night just could not be contemplated. The policy of the ladies of the Red Cross is to be ready at all times for any emergency. This policy has been carried out with amazing reality and precision. The only actual operating costs are for coffee, cookies, doughnuts and other pertinent items. Much of the fine grapefruit and oranges are donated from the many groves in the Valley.

To augment funds necessary to carry on this important work, the Phoenix Junior Chamber of Commerce donated the entire net proceeds of their 1943 World's Championship Rodeo to the canteen. When the Jaycees undertook to stage a rodeo this spring, with our nation at war, it was with considerable misgiving, even though they were doing it for the Red Cross canteen. The cost of operating an event of this kind is enormous. The result however, was the largest net proceeds ever the cause was so great. The Red Cross was presented with a check for $5,348.90, all burned to the exact likeness on a piece of rawhide, fourteenby twenty-seven inches and the bank ran it

Golden

water's store in Phoenix held a style show at the palatial Arizona Biltmore Hotel pool, in the spring the feature attraction being Bing Crosby and his company. More than a thousand guests crowded the banks of the pool, and while Crosby sang songs for War Bond purchases to the tune of $45,000, the gate receipts, which had been earmarked for the Red Cross canteen, exceeded $2,000.

The canteen is operated twenty-four hours a day. More than two hundred ladies of the Red Cross have volunteered their services. They operate in six daily shifts of four hours each and each shift consists of from five to six attendants. A minimum of one hundred hours per year for each worker has been established. Mrs. Art Nehf of Phoenix is the chairman of the Phoenix canteen. A daily chairman is appointed and is responsible for one twentyfour hour shift. The welfare of the Red Cross workers is not overlooked. Military Police, city and county officers keep in contact with the canteen, and especially with the night shift. Those who are relieved at midnight and four in the morning, are given safe escort to their respective homes if necessary.

The ladies of the Red Cross perform other ddeeds in connection with their regular work at the canteen. A soldier boy asked for coffee and doughnuts for his buddy who wasn't able to get off the train. When he was served on the train he remarked, "The old saying still holds good-the greatest mother of all!" One day a small group of boys on their way from induction center to a more permanent base, stopped off for a few minutes at Phoenix. At the canteen information both they inquired if there would be any way in which they could contact their parents in Tucson in order to let them know they were coming through that city. The worker very graciously put through a long distance call to Tucson and thus gave all the parents a chance to be at the station when the boys came through.

A soldier whose train was stopping for but a few minutes asked the attendant if she would send a telegram and wire some flowers to a certain address which was done.

Another dramatic instance where the Red Cross proved a friend in need occurred when a corporal, who had obtained an emergency furlough to return his wife, who was on the verge of a nervous breakdown, and his two children, from California to their home in Texas. The breakdown occurred before the train reached Phoenix. The conductor on the train wired ahead to the Phoenix station inquiring if the Red Cross at the canteen could help, as an emergency station is maintained at the canteen. When the train arrived the mother was given first aid and made comfortable while an ambulance was being called from one of the nearby military establishments where she was later taken. A hotel room was secured for the corporal and his six-year-old son, and the chairman of the Phoenix canteen took the six-months-old infant to her home. Relatives in Texas were contacted and later, arrangements were made by the Red Cross for transportation accommodations and contacts made along the line to assure adequate attention for the ailing woman until her destination was reached. As the train pulled out, the corporal waved at the uniformed ladies. They waved back. That's the reward of doing something for someone the thanks that brings real happiness to all.

NOT SO crazy WITH THE HEAT

And another thing, hot air is bearable only if you reduce the humidity, and the window box cooler admittedly adds humidity!

"You'll be sorry!" warned the furniture storekeepers. They said the swamp coolers would soften glue, swell drawers, make waves in veneer table tops. They said the wet air would mold carpets and upholstering.

Many physicians shook their heads sadly. Throats and lungs used to dry air were going to react to wet air. They warned all patients with sinus, bronchial and pulmonary disorders to beware. "Why," they said, "this may even cause an epidemic of colds and pneumonia!"

"Legitimate" cooling equipment dealers had a variety of reasons why the new contraption would only lead to trouble, and made speeches at service clubs explaining their theories.

But the citizens did not know about the insidious features of this new cooling instrument. All they seemed to care about was that a house with a window box was cooler than a house without one. They kept right on building them.

Cautiously the power company air-conditioning department issued a folder with helpful suggestions on approved cooler construction.

There was no epidemic of pulmonary diseases.

Unless directly in front of the fan, furniture was not harmed. Carpets were not mildewed or rotted.

People were getting good cooling service for little money.

Some of the die-hard experts said, "You just wait and see."

The power company counted 5,000 more coolers in the fall of 1936, and began to worry about overloaded distribution transformers.

The only dangerous thing about a window cooler was the man who made it should anyone be foolish enough to make an uncomplimentary remark about his handiwork. It was said that a man would stand kidding about his family, his religion, or his own looks, but not about his coolers!

During the summer of 1937 the window box became a big business. It was pictured in advertisements. Some of them had trade names. Phoenix was for a time the central manufacturing point. The blower models began to outsell the fan jobs in 1938 and the chain stores began to handle them.

As the interest and use of the evaporative cooler spread to other areas with hot dry summer weather, the marketing possibilities became great enough to interest established manufacturers of blowers and furnaces. They sent engineers to Phoenix to study the new home grown appliance.

The "professional" cooler developed by the manufacturers was an item to behold! The cabinet on the new models was all metal, with rounded corners. The pad area was extended to cover three sides, and pads were hidden under neat removable grills or louvres. (You buy excelsior pad "refills" nicely done up in mosquito netting.) Most models were painted with modern crinkle finish, some were trimmed with chrome strips. Water and power control devices were developed for remote installation in the house. Needle valve control of water gave all adjustments from faint drops to a cascade. Deluxe models offered three speeds for the blower. Water connections outside the cabinet included a brass coupling for connection to copper tubing extended from the nearest water line. Most Phoenicians still connect a garden hose to the drain, carrying runoff water to flower beds.

Before war restrictions placed coolers on a "priority basis" the prospective purchaser walked into a store and bought a model exactly sized for a particular installation. Eight different sizes were available from the small 1,250 cubic feet of air per minute jobs to the big 5,000 cfm outfits that cooled the whole house. The cooler was no longer a joke. No one referred to them as "swamp coolers," "humidity coolers," "window boxes," "pneumonia coolers," "excelsior coolers" or less complimentary names. A "cooler" was something everybody had to have, and almost everybody had one.

The problem of driving between air-cooled cities in central and southern Arizona has been worked out very nicely. Put a cooler on your car!

The simplest car cooler is an air-scoop affair that hangs in a partially closed window, usually the front one on the righthand side. A long bucketlike scoop is lined with a cylindrical excelsior pad. The lower edge of the pad is immersed in water. A length of rope is wound on the cylinder and as it is pulled it turns the pad so that it is completely saturated. The forward movement of the car forces the air into the scoop, through the wet pad, into the car, and out a back window.

Another type, similar to this simple form, includes a small fan inside the air-scoop. The wind spins the fan, the fan drives a belt that turns the excelsior pad, eliminating the necessity for pulling the cord.

A more elaborate car cooler employs an electric motor which drives a small blower and pumps water over a pad, more on the order of house cooling units. This type has a decided advantage over the others in that it operates when the car is standing still or being driven at slow speeds. The air-scoop models operate best at speeds in excess of legal or safe driving limits. All in all, the car coolers are quite satisfactory and have developed a lively summer rental business. A cooler is "rented" from a service station in Phoenix, for example, by putting up a "deposit" that covers the cost of the cooler. When the user arrives in Tucson, or some other destination, the cooler is turned over to a service station there and the deposit "less rental fee" is refunded.

Most highway law enforcement officials are not very happy about car coolers because the installation of some models does obstruct the driver's view out the righthand side of his car. It is hoped that "after the war" auto manufac turers will go ahead with the experiments they were making in car cooling.

All new residential construction in Phoenix from 1937 until the present day has included either provision for the cooler to be installed in conjunction with the heating system, so as to use the air ducts both winter and summer, or with a cooler niche in the roof, or a special cooler opening in one or more outside walls. The plumber pipes the house for water outlet for the cooler. The electrician wires the house for a cooler electrical outlet and a cooler switch. The cooler is now considered as important as the kitchen sink.

The so-called "defense housing" constructed in the Salt River Valley during the past year or so for aircraft factory workers and flying field personnel is cut to the bone so far as materials are concerned, but not so far as coolers are concerned. Defense workers get sound restful sleep in air-cooled bedrooms!

The Central Arizona Light and Power Company has slightly more than 30,000 residential electric customers. Estimates put the number of coolers owned by these customers at from 20,000 to 28,000, not including the refrigeration air-conditioning units nor the radiator type and similar cooling installations. For all practical purposes it is safe to say that "everyone in the Salt River Valley has a cooler!

The most miserable hovel south of the tracks may still be using a fan-in-a-box home-made job, but it is a cooler! The palatial home in the exclusive residential district may have a refrigeration system or two or three neatly hidden evaporative coolers!

All of this has made great economic and social changes in summer living in Phoenix.

Summer business is generally better than the summer business of those areas with lower summer temperatures but no cooling.

Formal social activity takes a summer nosedive but informal parties go merrily along. Afternoon bridge is cool. Informal parties featuring shirt-sleeves for the gentlemen and cotton dresses for the ladies are remembered all winter.

The health angle gets its share of discussion in the matter of cooling. Some doctors claim there are fewer winter colds found in school children who have not been worn out by summer heat. Some employers claim the efficiency of employees in air-cooled surroundings is worth more than the cost of the cooling. A good night's sleep for rest, and cool surroundings to work in are obviously factors contributing to efficient work. Then, too, there have been "freak" returns on Phoenix's investment in air cooling. Like the time the thermometer went up to 100 plus on the Pacific Coast, and those sufferers in the know skipped over to Phoenix and air-cooled hotels for relief and a good night's sleep!

One of the most graphic examples of what cooling has done to Phoenix is to be found in the power company's annual sales chart. Prior to cooling, peak sales were in the winter with a decided slump during the summer months. The slump was due to the reduced use of electricity for lighting, because of late twilight, and due to the fact that nearly ten per cent of the customers just closed up and left town altogether. A lot more left only the husband at home, (and records show he spent very little time there). Since the advent of cooling, however, the story is altogether different. The summer peak is several times as high as the winter peak! Less than one per cent of the meters are disconnected during the summer, and much of this is due to tourists leaving to go home. Practically all of the company's electric distribution system has had to be re-designed and rebuilt to handle the sharp August peak.

So, the sunshine of the Valley of the Sun is "twice blessed." It blesses those who love to bask in its winter glory, and it has forced the ingenuity of man to create a summer weather of his own. And all year around the sun goes on pulling riches from the fertile soil.

Phoenicians are not fooling themselves. Just because it is cool inside they haven't forgotten that it is sizzling hot outside. But there is this about it, no matter how hot it gets in Phoenix you can always go inside and be cool. You can't do that in the east. You can't do that in the west. And you can't do that in the mid-west. But you can in Phoenix!

What is more, if you'll give us a couple of years without all this priority business, we'll get our tinkering handy man to scheme up an idea to cool the sidewalks and streets, too! We're not so crazy with the heat!

Phoenix Settlement

(Continued from Page Forty-seven) tion, members of the valley settlers agitated for the selection of a townsite, and at the mass meeting of October 20, 1870, Duppa was chosen as a member of the cominittee to decide on the location and name of the townsite, the other members being John Moore and Martin P. Griffin.

The name "Phoenix" was proposed by Duppa and applied to the town, however, the location of the townsite was not accomplished so easily. When it was proposed to change the community center from the neighlorhood of Helling's Mill, about three miles east of Van Buren and Central Avenue of today, a rift was precipitated in the friendship of Swilling and Duppa.

Duppa favored the location of the townsite on the land which is now downtown Phoenix because this land was so thoroughly covered with ruins of prehistoric adobe houses that the land was totally undesirable for raising crops. The townsite was selected on this land because it would not take out of cultivation the farm land already under irrigation.

After the proceedings of the mass meeting were closed, this gathering resolved itself into an association called "The Salt River Valley Association," of which John T. Alsap, James Murphy and J. T. Perry were elected Commis sioners. The first signer of the articles of the association was Darrell Duppa. Swilling did not sign.

Duppa located on the 160 acres of land adjoining the townsite on the south. The Southern Pacific freight depot is on a corner of this land, which ran west from Central Avenue to Seventh Avenue. Duppa sold this land to John B. Montgomery, and it now has the official designation of the "Montgomery Addition" on city maps.

The name "Phoenix" was first officially used by the Board of Supervisors of Yavapai county at a special meeting held on May 4th, 1868, for the purpose of creating county precincts for the election held on June 3, 1868. John W. Swilling was named inspector and J. H. Davis and J. Burns as judges, the voting place being located in Swilling's house.

Two years later, in 1870, the Territorial Census listed Duppa as a farmer, a change in occupation from miner of six years before in Prescott. Duppa upheld his end of the early development of the valley, farming the acreage adjacent to the townsite. Of this acreage, two were planted in oats in 1870, a few in alfalfa and the rest in wheat, corn and barley. Twenty farmers tilled acreage under the irrigation system in that year.

Changes were taking place in his English family all during this time, and on October 28, 1877, Duppa entered into an agreement with Captain W. A. Hancock, pioneer attorney, storekeeper, and the man who surveyed the Phoenix townsite, to act as his legal adviser. The party of the first part, evidently come into a sizeable remittance, was "Darrell Duppa, Hollingsbourne House, County of Kent, England."

Duppa received his quarterly remittance through Dr. O. J. Thibodo, pioneer druggist and physician of Phoenix, and according to Harry L. Hancock, son of Captain Hancock, it was around Dr. Thibodo's drug store that Duppa spent most of his time while in Phoenix.

"The back room of Dr. Thibodo's store was the gathering place for various men of the town," Mr. Hancock reminisces, "and the room was sparsely furnished, having a few chairs, a table, and miscellaneous barrels and chests. Here Dr. Thibodo and Duppa would sit with their feet on the table, leaning back in their chairs, discussing the news of the day. or telling stories of the pioneer day activities of the community. When the doctor was busy, Duppa would lounge on the sidewalk smoking his pipe. If he was not near the store in the sun in the winter, when he was in town, you could find him usually in the shade of the cottonwood trees along the irrigation ditch in front of the store, in the summer. He didn't appear to be interested in anything but smoking and drinking and being a good fellow. After his periodic sprees, when all of his money was spent, Dr. Thibodo would grub stake him and send him to his camp on New River, where he had several mining claims and also operated a stage and freight station..

"Duppa was five feet and ten or eleven inches tall, erect not stoop shouldered, very dark, from sunburn, which accentuated a naturally dark skin. He had dark hair, which was inclined to curl, and wore a short handlebar mustache which stuck out almost straight on both sides. He went unshaved for days at a time and was inclined to 'let himself go' when he was drinking steadily. His eyes were dark and he wore no glasses.

"Practically all of the people took a drink in those days. The saloon was the social gathering place, and the drink was the medium for loosening tongues and broadcasting the latest news, gossip, and humorous stories. Duppa was almost as much a character in early day Phoenix as was Old Babe, the Town Drunkard. Duppa would hang around for days and weeks on a protracted spree that lasted until his money disappeared. He usually dressed in the style of the period, but I remember him most vividly in brogan miner's shoes, blue denim pants, leather belt with large buckle, topped off by a dark blue shirt which was usually open at the neck. He wore a black, wide-brimmed hat with a short crown, almost flat topped. There was very little town gossip about him, the usual comment being, 'Duppa's back; guess his remittance arrived.' I never knew how he got into town. He would just appear, be here for weeks, and then disappear. He usually appeared in a new outfit on these oсcasions, but was not one to flout his English ways in extravagant dress and but for his exact and correct talk, would have passed for any one of many similar territorial day characters. I do not remember that he called himself 'Lord Duppa.' I think that is a name given by his friends who knew of his education and English background. Although I have no reason other than conjecture, I believe Duppa's friendship for Dr. Thibodo can be attributed to the fact that Dr. Thibodo was a Canadian, and I feel that in this common British ground they found friendship."

At his New River Station 35 miles northwest of Phoenix on the Agua Fria, Duppa lived in true frontier style, and one of the best descriptions of his "ranch", mine, hut, cabin, camp-it was designated by all these namesis given by John G. Bourke, in his book, "On the Border with Crook": "Darrell Duppa was one of the queerest specimens of humanity, as his ranch was one of the queerest examples to be found in Arizona, and I might add, in New Mexico and Sonora as well. There was nothing superfluous about Duppa in the way of flesh, neither was there anything about the station that could be regarded as superfluous, either in furniture or ornament. Duppa was credited with being the wild, harum-scarum son of an English family of respectability, his father having occupied a position in the diplomatic or consular service of Great Britain, and the son having been born in Marseilles. Rumor had it that Duppa spoke several languages, French, Spanish, Italian and German; that he understood the classics, and that, when sober, he used faultless English. I can certify to his em ployment of excellent French and Spanish. and what had to my ears the sound of pretty good Italian, and I know too, that he was hospitable to a fault, and not afraid of man or devil. Three bullet wounds, received in three different fights with the Apaches, attested his grit, although they might not be accepted as equally conclusive evidence of good judgment. The site of his 'location' was in the midst of the most uncompromising piece of desert in a region which boasts of possessing more desert land than any other territory in the Union. The surrounding hills and mesas yielded a perennial crop of cacti, and little of anything else. The dwelling itself was nothing but a 'ramada;' a term which has already been defined as a roof of branches; the walls were of rough unplastered wattlework, of the thorny branches of the iron-wood, no thicker than a man's finger, which was lashed by thongs of rawhide to horizontal slats of cottonwood.

service of Great Britain, and the son having been born in Marseilles. Rumor had it that Duppa spoke several languages, French, Spanish, Italian and German; that he understood the classics, and that, when sober, he used faultless English. I can certify to his em ployment of excellent French and Spanish. and what had to my ears the sound of pretty good Italian, and I know too, that he was hospitable to a fault, and not afraid of man or devil. Three bullet wounds, received in three different fights with the Apaches, attested his grit, although they might not be accepted as equally conclusive evidence of good judgment. The site of his 'location' was in the midst of the most uncompromising piece of desert in a region which boasts of possessing more desert land than any other territory in the Union. The surrounding hills and mesas yielded a perennial crop of cacti, and little of anything else. The dwelling itself was nothing but a 'ramada;' a term which has already been defined as a roof of branches; the walls were of rough unplastered wattlework, of the thorny branches of the iron-wood, no thicker than a man's finger, which was lashed by thongs of rawhide to horizontal slats of cottonwood.

The quiet Englishman, who was a leader of forays against the Apaches, linguist, parliamentarian, miner, farmer, stage station keeper, inebriate, poet and excellent marksman with either pistol or rifle, had the best of family background.

From the book, "A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland, for 1852, by J. Bernard Burke, Esq., London, page 364, Volume 1, you may read that the Duppa family is one of considerable antiquity. Bryan Philip Darrell Duppa, was of the eleventh generation listed, and many of the names are distinguished highly in early English history.

Bryan Duppa was Bishop of Winchester, and Sir Thomas Duppa, Knight usher of the Black Rod. temp. Charles II., and William and Mary. The former was successively head of All Souls College, Oxford, Dean of Christ Church, and Bishop of Chichester, Salisbury and Winchester.

He acted as tutor to the Princes Charles and James, and accompanied the ill-fated king, Charles I, to Carisbrook castle. When the bishop was on his death-bed, Charles II visited him, and, kneeling, received his dying tutor's blessing. He was a very learned man, and much commended by contemporary writers. He built and endowed two considerable almshouses, one at Richmond, and another at Pembridge, in Herefordshire. He died in 1662, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where there is a tomb to his memory. Sir Thomas Duppa, the usher of the Black Rod, introduced at court by his kinsman, the bishop, had considerable property near Whitney, in Herefordshire. Many of his letters still exist, in which he speaks of Baldwin Duppa, of Hollingsbourne, as his relative. Mr. Duppa is a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for the county of Kent.

Scholar, good fellow, jovial tippler, typical Arizona frontiersman, Bryan Philip Darrell Duppa left his monument in the name of Phoenix, which in truth has risen from the ashes of the ruins of the prehistoric Indians, and Tempe, named from the Vale of Tempe in Thessaly, a valley lying between Mount Olympus and Mount Ossa, famed for its beauty.

And in that monument, Duppa might well have had engraved the epitaph he wrote for his Pima Indian trader friend, Morgan, ". and dying, said, I've fooled you all!"

It will be made. This is our second line of horse cars.

A spacious brick courthouse was completed in 1884 on Courthouse Square, where the present city-county building stands.

The old Phoenix city hall was located on the block bounded by Washington, Jefferson, First and Second Streets and the contract for its building was given to John J. Gardiner on November 10, 1887, for $15,580.00, and construction work was begun on November 15th of the same year. When the capital of Arizona was removed from Prescott to Phoenix in 1889, this building housed the offices of the territorial government for several years. The block of ground upon which the old city hall stood was known as the Plaza and was originally set aside by the founders of Phoenix (in perpetuity) as a place for rest and contemplation. Their laudable desire, however, was long since nullified and the ground is now used for commercial purposes.

On March 12, 1895, the Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway connected the capital city with the northern part of the Territory. Electric cars replaced the old slow-moving horse-cars in 1893. The franchise granting the company permission to electrify the street car system, gave it until October 1, 1893, to make the change.

The first water supply for Phoenix was obtained from open ditches that ran along the principal streets and from shallow wells that were dug in many of the yards of the town's private residences. In the year 1888, John J. Gardiner built the first plant for a limited distribution of water to the public.

The first telephone system was installed and operated by W. T. (Tom) Smith in the summer of 1891.

Construction on the first sewerage disposal plant was started during the summer of 1892.

About the year 1909, the first reinforced concrete structure was erected in Phoenix on the southeast corner of First and Adams Streets. It was known as the Noble Block, and now houses the Dorris-Heyman Furniture Company and Goldwater's Store.

The first modern apartment house in Phoenix was erected by Eugene Redewill on West Washington Street, near the Capitol, in the winter of 1911-12.

The first train over the main line of the Southern Pacific arrived in Phoenix on October 15, 1926.

Thus, in brief, have been reviewed some of the events and incidents that make up the early annals of Phoenix, the prosperous and progressive metropolis of the southwest, and the Capital City of the State of Arizona.

"Farm Town"

(Continued from Page Thirty-three) Those were in production in 1942. That was 56 per cent of the 403,093 acres which Maricopa County had in crops that year. But there was many another district which had more acres in crops, and produced crops of greater value, than the average county in most states.

There was the Roosevelt Water Conservation District, for instance, with 32,290 acres; Roosevelt Irrigation District with 29,926; Buck eye Irrigation Company with 15,500; Maricopa Municipal Water Conservation District (Beardsley) with 27,877; Gillespie Land and Irrigation Company with 12,857; Southwest Cotton Company with 19,986; Queen Creek Irrigation District with 9,860; and a dozen smaller.

Every one of those districts has a specialty that makes it unique, and every one contributes to the bustling trade of Phoenix.

And what do all these farms produce? Cotton is the No. 1 "cash crop." There we're really talking about two crops, "AmericanEgyptian" and "American upland" cotton. American-Egyptian is an extra long, silky, strong fiber, right now in great demand for parachute webbing and other war goods. It requires a long growing season under semi-tropical conditions, which is why Arizona grows almost the entire United States crop. How Arizona farmers came to bat and helped to win the war by stepping up their output of this indispensable cotton, is a thrilling story in itself.

Anyway, Maricopa County farmers produced 56,000 bales of American-Egyptian in 1942, sold it at an average price of 43.66 cents a pound for a total of $3,481,000. They grew 137,000 bales of upland cotton, which sold at 19.3 cents a pound for a grand total of $6,810,000. There was $10,291,000 for cotton alonebut that wasn't all. The 56,675 tons of seed separated from the lint brought them $2,624,000.

Already we are getting into big figures and half way to the $24,106,144 which the U. S. Census Bureau found to be the value of all Maricopa County crops in 1939. It was on the strength of that return that the Bureau placed Maricopa eighth among all farm counties of the United States. County statistics are completely segregated only in census years; but the Bureau of Agricultural Economics says there is little doubt that the 1942 income of this county's farmers was well above $50,000,000.

Their oranges and grapefruit, 2,000,000 boxes, were worth $1,920,000 to them at the packing house door. Their hay, 408,310 tons of it, brought them $5,749,000. Their barley returned them $860,000; sorghum grains, $798,000; sorghum forage, $594,000; potatoes, $563,000; all other vegetables and melons, $12,042,000.

Now we are past $35,000,000 and nothing has been said of the broccoli that grew on 409 acres, to bring an estimated $204,500. There has been no word of the dates, pecans, alfalfa seed, sweet potatoes, berries, watermelons, beet seed, and numerous other products for which Central Arizona climate, soil and water have proved peculiarly suited.

Yes, what about those seeds that are continually edging into the story? Their production has been the most spectacular development of recent years in the agricultural empire surrounding Phoenix. The old-timers knew they could grow bumper crops of alfalfa seed; they knew they could grow seed grains for their own planting; but more than half a century was to elapse before anybody realized that this county possesses unique advantages for producing a long list of what are called "field seeds."

Foremost among these advantages is "controlled water." Irrigation from reservoirs or wells is assured before a crop is ever planted, and it can be applied at exactly the time it is needed. There is little danger of enough rainfall to over-irrigate, nor to spoil the crop at harvest time. This is more important to the seed farmer than to any other.Because of water, climate and other favorable factors, the U. S. Department of Agriculture and a group of large sugar companies naturally gravitated to Salt River Valley when it was decided to build a domestic sugar beet seed industry. This program was undertaken soon after World War I, which had shut off the European seed on which America had always depended and thus had seriously reduced the nation's output of sugar. Nothing like that must happen again and it hasn't.

Today, although Arizona does not grow a single beet for sugar, 4,000 Salt River Valley acres produce half the sugar beet seed planted each year in the United States. This one enterprise annually put over half a million dollars into the pockets of farmers.

Nearly all sorghum varieties do well here, especially two known as hegari and milo maize. They occupied about 30,000 of the county's acres in 1942, yielding vast amonuts of grain and forage. A large part of the grain, produced under strict regulations of the Arizona Crop Improvement Association, was sold in a dozen other states for seed, at premium prices.

The county also grows for sale elsewhere, seeds of several other sorghums that do not yield well enough to compete with hegari and milo for Arizona favor. It's paradoxical, but the seeds of those varieties can be produced more satisfactorily in Arizona than in the areas where they are specially adapted.

Extensive experiments are now being made in producing seeds of many table vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, radishes, kohl rabi, Swiss chard, carrots and endive. To tell the truth, most of these experiments have already progressed to the point of definite success. Arizona can produce nearly all vegetable seeds more satisfactorily than they can be produced elsewhere, and more cheaply because of large yields. All of this may result in big garden seed warehouses and mills comparable to those that followed the introduction of beet seed.

There's a story, and a big one, in every one of the hundreds of commodities that flourish on Maricopa County farms. There's a story in every farm operation, from irrigation to harvesting and packingfor scarcely one of those operations is performed in the way it was just a few years ago. Farmers here are progressive, welcoming new ideas, new crops, new methods and new machinery. With keen interest they follow developments at every experiment station in any section where conditions are at all comparable. They plow deeper than farmers elsewhere; they were first to abandon horses and mules for the greater and swifter power to be had from tractors; they make more scientific use of their water; they employ the very latest discoveries in overcoming weeds and insects.

As a result of brains and industry combined with extraordinary natural blessings, they get more out of their land and enjoy a per capita income higher than that of any other general farming area. In only a few localities situated near big manufacturing centers, or specializing in scarce and high-priced crops, do farmers earn more.

It takes more than a farm town to minister to the wants of farmers such as those who live and prosper in Maricopa County. It takes an agricultural metropolis. It takes Phoenix.

Too many people, even Arizonans, carelessly assume that the Salt River project includes all the agriculture in Maricopa County. Large though it is, it doesn't even include all the agriculture in Salt River Valley. The public has heard more about it because it was the first project constructed by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, because it has never defaulted on an instalment of construction debt nor failed to meet an interest charge when due, and is admittedly the Bureau's "show project."

It is true that in size the Salt River project overshadows all others in Arizona and will continue in that position until Colorado river water can be delivered to a good many thousand more Arizona acres than it now reaches. This project's area is 242,000 acres and 226,188 of

Of Books And Artifacts

other books and publications for the use and enlightenment of the public at large.

Phoenix is indeed fortunate in having an outstanding state library. The State Department of Library and Archives, under the di-rectorship of Mulford Winsor, has been developed into a department of vital service to the state. It occupies over 32,000 square feet of floor space in the new addition to the State Capitol, beginning on the second and extend-ing through the third and fourth stories, with mezzanine floors adding to the floor space.

One section of the library contains the state's most comprehensive law library and a legislative reference library. Another major division is the Arizona history and archives section. This contains hundreds of titles pertaining to Arizona history Indians and their culture, all of the important writings on the state in its various phases, including the several histories written, and writings by early Spaniards.

A section of the library is devoted to books on American history and biography, genealogy, and general reference. Files of early Phoenix and Arizona newspapers are also carefully bound and preserved here, some of them as early as 1859, and throughout the years up to the present day.

Of the more than 200,000 volumes, about 6,000 titles pertain to the Arizoniana section, and 1,000 volumes in the general reference collection which have been selected to provide answers to almost any question.

A mineral exhibit is on display on the mez-zanine floor off the main reading room and in a special second floor exhibit room is the famed private collection of Edwin S. Curtis, author of the highly authoritative work, "North American Indians." This collection, gathered on Arizona Indian reservations in 1909 by Mr. Curtis, includes many fine baskets and other crafts of the handiwork of early Arizona Indians.

Eight historical murals decorate the foyer and main office of the state library, done by Jay Datus. Also hanging on the walls in various parts of the building are the paintings of Arizona scenes, which were originally created for the Golden Gate International Exposition on Treasure Island in San Francisco Bay, in 1939.

The Phoenix City Library, with its main building located at Tenth Avenue and Washington Street, is serving the public through the facilities of several branches. Due to the tremendous rapid growth of the city and the presence of several military establishments, aside from the main library, and the northeast branch, units have been established in twelve schools of the Phoenix school system, three large housing units, one hospital and certain military installations and service centers.

The city library has approximately 100,000 volumes at this time and the total number of volumes drawn and used in the library during the past fiscal year was approximately 400,000. The number of subscribers registered with the library now has reached the total of 28,537. with a new membership total for the past year of 5,464. Considering the size of the city in terms of population, metropolitan Phoenix with over 125,000 persons, the above figures give some of the tremendous service performed by this organization.

The Phoenix city library is designated a war information center where all phases of defense are dispensed to the public through pamphlets and other means. Another service that has been inaugurated since the war and because of the great number of service men in and near the community, is the availability of books to all men in the armed forces and their families regardless of residence.

The library also circulates books in Braille to the blind and has an extensive music library. The Phoenix Piano Teachers Association contributed many records to this section of the library. The children's department, separately maintained in the basement of the library is especially well patronized, according to Jane Hudgins, city librarian. To augment this service, deposits of children's books have also been made in the various city schools. The library is a depository for all government documents and subscribes to 215 magazines and 34 newspapers.

The private historical collection, the files of the late James H. McClintock, Arizona historian, is one of the important possessions of the Phoenix Public Library. Many fine drawings and paintings as well as some of the famous Burr etchings have been acquired also, but due to lack of adequate space, have been stored awaiting the construction of a new building following the war.

The Maricopa County Library, primarily was created to serve the public in the county and outside the city of Phoenix proper, but Phoenicians may also enjoy the facilities of this fine institution. The number of families served from the central library totals 13,471 and the number of rural communities, 74. Most of the branches in rural communities are located in the schools. Over 48,000 books are accessioned and the total circulation for 1941-1942 was over 350,000. Outstanding is the library's genealogical collection. As with the Phoenix Public Library the demand for technical books and books in the highly specialized field bearing on military subjects has increased and is increasing tremendously. This is due not only to the great influx of military personnel, but also to the number of war plants in the area.

The Maricopa County Law Library, also located in the county-city building, has over 20,000 law books, largely contributed by individuals. The library is under supervision of the judges of the superior court, and is open not only to practicing lawyers but to the general public as well for reference work. Possessing an excellent collection of textbooks and a few rare volumes, the library includes several volumes of the first edition of Blackstone's Commentaries.

Apache Trail

THE APACHE TRAIL is a wondrous roadway leaving the Valley of the Sun east of Mesa and Phoenix, and plunging headlong into some of the roughest terrain in Arizona. This road climbs mountains, hurries down cliffs and picks its way along lakes, where water is stored for the farming empire in the valley below. It is a desert and mountain road, an old road and well traveled. Eventually it brings the traveler to Highway 60 between Globe and Miami. One of the spectacular sights offered by the Apache Trail is that of Roosevelt Dam, historic landmark in the story of irrigation and the dam which began the prosperity of Phoenix. When the dam overflows, as it did several years ago, it is a memorable thing to behold.

In the spring, when the rains come, the Apache Trail reveals to all travelers the beauty of the desert in full bloom and vivid with color.