APACHE CATTLE, HORSES AND MEN

APACHE CATTLE, HORSES & MEN A PICTORIAL ROUNDUP

This is the Apache cowman, capable, intelligent and good natured. His product: fat, robust, white-faced cat-tle, are among the finest Hereford range beef raised in the West today. His economic circumstance and the remote location of his range necessitate old-fashioned trail herd drives to the railroad. Drives through wild and beautiful Arizona mountain parks, foothills, canyons, valleys and desert. His cattle raising methods are far from outdated, for his progressive range management and purebred stock development, by means of artificial insemination, are as up to the minute as modern science will afford. Approximately 10,000 head of Apache cattle from the San Carlos Reservation are auctioned annually bringing around a million and a half dollars, depending upon the current market.

The Apaches are more and more bridging the gap that exists between their way of life and that of the white man. Though their standards of living are generally lower, of the 933 families on the San Carlos Reservation 758 are self-supporting, mostly through the cattle industry. On the 2,516 sq. mi. San Carlos Reservation there are 900 brands in 13 herds. Two of these, the purebred and the IDT (tribal social security) herds, are owned by the tribe as a whole. The remaining 11 herds are owned and managed by various tribal cooperative associations with separate ranges, and memberships of from 20 to 200 stockmen each. This typical fall roundup and trail drive in Apache land involves the IDT herd. Let's go along and get better acquainted with these descendants of the recent fierce, fighting Apache warriors of yesterday's West; our good neighbors, the Apache cattlemen of today.

It is early November high in the forest-rimmed range land of the San Carlos Indian Reservation. A newly lighted fire warms a hole in the frosty, dark silence and flickers faintly on a ring of tepee tents put up against last night's sleet. This is an Apache cow camp. The cook and his helper are up early to touch off a new day. Cherry-red coals have been raked from the central campfire into a series of small heaps, each with a steaming dutch oven or gurgling pot proclaiming to the first gray of dawn that a hot breakfast is in the making, biscuits are done and it's time to arrive and dig in.The coffee is simmering by the fire in man-sized, smoke-blackened pots. The aroma will find its way into the forest where it will permeate the dreams of sleeping Apaches and bring them to the fireside and breakfast as effectively as a heavyduty dinner gong.

No second invitation is needed. After a quick bout with ice water, soap and the wash basin, a chow line quickly forms at the Apache-style steam table. It will be a long time and a lot of hard work before a noon meal catches up with them out on the range.

After breakfast a few moments are taken by the fire to warm the brittle stiffness out of cold leather chaps. Then it's off to rope the morning's mount. Apaches may well be proud of their horses too, for they are well trained and stout. Their fine condition makes them a match for any cowboy's needs.

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"COW COUNTRY" BY ALLEN C. REED. This shot was planned to show the cattle strung out from the close foreground off into the distance.

When the stage was set an errant cloud obscured the sun and when it moved the herd had passed and bunched, but the landscape was pretty as ever.

Graphic, 4x5 Ekta., 1/10, f16.

CENTER SPREAD

"APACHE CATTLE" BY ALLEN C. REED. This is a portion of the IDT tribal herd in the sorting process at roundup time in the Great Circle Prairie pasture, near Point of Pines.

Graphic, 4x5 Ekta., 1/25, f11.

When the sun takes its first morning look into Apache land, thrusting long morning shadows across the camp, the horses have had their grain, are saddled, mounted and on their way, with warm breath jetting condensed vapor clouds into the sharp, crisp mountain air.

From the multitude of meadows, draws, defiles and canyons tucked away in the dense high-country forests, the IDT herd of Apache tribal-owned cattle are gathered and bunched into the Great Circle Prairie holding pasture near Point of Pines. Then the hard-riding, dust-choking task of sorting market beef from holdovers begins and may last for several days as market-bound cattle are separated into two herds, one being made up of cows and calves, the other steers. The 147,596-acre IDT area allots grazing for 3,210 head.

The pungent smoke from burning hair and hide mingles with the powdery dust and the horse-smell of sweat and leather as the bawling, squirming calves are branded and earmarked. Not only do the profits from IDT herd sales aid in support of many needy Apache families, but from this herd, when grazing allotments are available, a prospective cattleman may receive 30 heifers which he must repay in kind with three more as interest within eight years. About twenty families get started in the cattle business this way each year.

When the roundup is completed, the holdover cattle are turned back to pasture, while the hoofs of from five hundred to two thousand Herefords in each of the two market-bound herds churn up the fine tan dust that on a still day streaks their wake for a half-mile or more, tracing their slow progress over the fiveday, seventy-five mile, back-country trails.

The watering holes are few and far between, usually a day's trail drive apart. The cattle are scheduled to reach them one herd at a time and after being watered are placed in nearby holding pastures for the night. Many of these old line camps along the trail bear such picturesque names as Arsenic Tubs, Nine Mile, Beef Draw and Yellow Jacket.

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"APACHE DAWN" BY ALLEN C. REED. The fall mornings are mighty cool in the Apache high country and riders take advantage of the fire to warm clothing and hands before mounting and riding off into the chill dawn. Rolleiflex, Ektachrome 1/10 at f5.6.

The market-bound trail herd winds through the upper wild and scenic reservation country from the grassy mountain prairies, through forests of tall Ponderosa Pine, over high rocky ridges in a steady flow to the semi-arid cactus and mesquite-clad lowlands of the reservation on the Gila River Valley floor. Sometimes a herd arrives at a camp early in the afternoon. On such occasions the cowboys waste no time in taking advantage of the opportunity for bathing, clothes washing, haircuts and such. The Apache is very partial to his sweat bath and if there is time at these early camps a suitable willowbranch, mud-plastered wickiup is constructed. If time does not permit, a flimsier tarpaulin-covered willow frame serves the purpose. A fire is built close by and in it a cluster of almost head-size stones are heated. These hot stones are placed inside the sweat-chamber with the occupants who are seated around the sides on a mat of willows. The chamber is then sealed tight and water is sprinkled from a container onto the sizzling rocks, creating a stiflingly efficient steam bath. The group remains enclosed until they have completed four Apache chants. Then the seal is broken and steaming bathers plunge into the nearby cold water for a refreshing wash-up.

On the last day the herd follows desert ridges into the Gila Valley and enters the stock pens at Calva. Buyers knowing the excellence of Apache cattle converge from all parts of the West for the auctions. The cattle are weighed and shipped out by truck and rail. Calva is deserted, and one more cycle in the Apache cattle industry is complete.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR FOREIGN TRADE-PROGRESS REPORT . . . Continued from page five

Colombia hard on it. In all, there are 417 former Thunderbirds in 58 different countries of the world-in Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Australia.

But success and satisfaction is not limited to those who are actually living and working abroad. Many have found both in domestic foreign trade careers or in related activities.

"If I never get beyond Nogales," said one student, "I will be a better American because I've been to Thunderbird. It's a wonderful, stimulating experience. Names have become places to me and I understand the importance of knowing what makes the other guy tick."

"Thunderbird" is the name by which the Institute is called by its graduates because the campus was once Thunderbird Field, a primary Air Force training field during the war. The attractive ranch-type buildings which form the classrooms and living quarters are laid out in the form of this traditional Southwestern Indian symbol of good fortune.

President of the Institute is Carl A. Sauer, formerly an administrator in the Department of State cultural program for Latin America and with a broad experience in foreign living. Other school executives and faculty members have similar backgrounds.

The course of training at AIFT was developed after consultation by its founders, headed by the late Lieut.

General Barton Kyle Yount, wartime commander of the Air Force Training Command, with leading executives of firms in foreign trade. These men were asked a simple question: "What training do you feel would best qualify a young American to fit successfully into your foreign operations?"

From the answer to this question, and in cooperation with the U.S. Office of Education, a basic curriculum was established to concentrate all studies under three basic academic departments: language, area studies and business administration.

Stress at The American Institute for Foreign Trade is on languages. One-half of a student's 16-hour course each semester is devoted to the study of Spanish, Portuguese or French. For students going into the Far East or the Middle East, a special course has been devised to give them an introduction to the linguistics of exotic languages and to the method of learning them.

To teach languages, the mimicry-memory method is used. Foreign nationals conduct the conversation classes and supplementary work in fundamentals of grammar and laboratory drill is conducted by trained American linguists. Head of the language department is Dr. Howard W. Tessen, formerly of Yale University, who is one of the foremost exponents of the teaching method so successfully used at AIFT. The hallmark of an AIFT language student is his lack of "accent" and his ability to develop his continuing language skill rapidly after he leaves the classroom and laboratory.

Closely tied in with the language work are the area studies. To give students the most constructive knowledge of the areas to which they will be assigned, area studies cut across the humanities and social sciences to provide a background in history, geography, ethnology, philosophy, political science and economy in relation to the specific area studied. These areas are Latin America, Western Europe and the Far East.

Emphasis is placed upon the economic history and potentials of the areas, and the conditions of business found therein, as well as on the political situations. Concurrently, the student is "briefed" on the modes of life in the various countries of the areas, the health conditions, the social customs, religious beliefs, and other aspects of their cultures.

In the department of business administration, courses are taught in accounting, foreign and domestic marketing, advertising theory and practice, salesmanship and foreign trade. The Institute believes that those entering foreign trade must not only have an intelligent understanding of the instruments, practices and procedures of the business but also a good knowledge of the allied fields. The courses of study are designed to give the student this broad background and enable him to meet quickly and intelligently the many novel problems constantly arising, due to the unprecedented economic and political conditions now prevailing in every country.

A concrete and practical, rather than an abstract and theoretical, approach is made in presenting courses in business administration. Actual commercial situations are approximated and realistic data, instruments, and forms are incorporated in so far as is possible.

Thunderbird operates an effective placement office which searches out the need for personnel and provides a reservoir of screened and trained prospective employees. Personnel men and executives regularly visit the campus to interview students and to discuss their placement needs.

The singular contribution made by AIFT is the stability of its graduates in foreign posts. Companies which once based their personnel needs on a fifty percent attrition rate have learned that this figure may be cut in half by employing Institute graduates. Students come to the Institute with a desire to live and work abroad and this desire is given purpose and significance through their training.

Students are admitted to classes in September and in January. The basic course is two semesters in length although a two-year graduate course is available. The Institute confers both Bachelor and Master of Foreign Trade degrees on those qualified. Although 80 percent of the students now enrolled hold degrees, two years of college work is acceptable for admission to the basic one-year course.

THUNDERBIRDS AROUND THE WORLD

This map shows the location of Thunderbirds who are stationed abroad, representing the classes which have been graduated since the founding of the Institute in 1946. It is symbolic of a record of accomplishment in training Americans from every state in the Union for international business careers.

More than 85 per cent of those shown on the map are in the employ of private business -the balance being in government service. Not shown are the more than 500 other AIFT graduates who are embarked on foreign trade careers, although based in the United States.

Although it is a small school, its favorable impact on world affairs can be powerful and widespread-how widespread, this map suggests.

One of his pleasanter assignments, says Ben Holt, AIFT '47, director of public relations for an airline in South America, and only recently transferred to Paris. Next year, it will be "Miss France."

It's oil in Venezuela for John McFadden, AIFT '51, who couldn't even stay for graduation because his company wanted him right on the job.

Barker Bates, a design specialist for a Canadian aircraft company, left Thunderbird in 1951. He thinks we are inclined to forget that Canada is a fascinating place. He's headquartered in Montreal but travels extensively.

Bill Alberts, AIFT '52, is stationed in France as comptroller for a large American firm but his duties keep him on the move. Here, he poses before the "Waterloo Lion," which commemorates the site of the fall of Napoleon.

Melvin Mellinger, AIFT '49, and Clifford Cole, AIFT '48, at the Sun Temple overlooking the ruins of the Inca city of Pachacama, Peru.

Karl Rohrbough finds that visiting Japanese art shops in Tokyo is one of the rewards of Far Eastern living. A 1952 AIFT graduate, he's a banker.

John Steltzer, AIFT '47, with a degree in agriculture from the University of Arizona, now runs 5,500 animals on a ranch in Costa Rica.