BIRD WATCHING WITH CAMERA

A memorable experience: snow geese over the Colorado River

Back which would trip the shutter by remote control. Then we were in business, although the equipment was so big we had to carry it in a small suitcase. We returned to the Canyon the next summer, baited stumps and rocks with piñon nuts and camped near a bird bath to get pictures of the nuthatches, crossbills, robins, and other birds, which were eventually used in ARIZONA HIGHWAYS and a government publication.

Our first color plates brought the next great thrill, and they were plates, emulsion on glass. They were made in Germany and arrived in time for cactus blossoms, but proved to be too slow for birds. A friend gathered the work of several photographers and gave a talk "Arizona in Color"-when one of our cactus blossom pictures was shown and the audience responded with an audible "Ah!", we knew we were sold on color.

We can look back to many experiences which can never pass from our memories, such as the Topock trip in winter when 5,000 snow geese, eating and sunning on the sand bars of the Colorado River, took wing and wheeled into the sky. Later in the day they returned to pass in formation before us, glistening against the evening after-glow.

One spring a friend showed us the nest of a killdeer on the ground at the edge of the desert. We followed the twenty-eight day incubation period, although each time we approached, a noble effort was made by a very crippled bird to lead us away. After she decided she was not fooling us she would return to her nest. Through all this confusion we got a six picture series in color. One of the most fascinating nests we have photographed was that of a solitary vireo, who had decorated the outside with white petals from flowers of the blackberry bush.

We spent hours and hours trying to get a roadrunner picture, even camping a week near a nest. In one case we had a fine location and had been set up about three hours and were sure this was the day, when the castinet clatter of the mandibles of the roadrunner about startled Harry out of his shirt. There was the bird on a bank back of and above him, with a look which could have been interpreted as, "bad boy, get out of here." For years we have had three or four calls a year for a roadrunner picture, and we haven't been able to supply a single one.

Bird photography has been made available to many more people by the manufacturers of present day equipment, who in the last fifteen years have brought to a peak the production of solenoids, synchro flash, electronic flash and other modifications of light and tripping of the shutter. To satisfy bird photographers, the image of the bird on the film must be large and not include much of the scenery. To accomplish this it is necessary to place the camera close to the bird, or use a telephoto lens. Since these are different techniques we will cover them separately.

To get a real portrait of a bird or a close-up of any activity, such as feeding the young, it is necessary to anticipate the spot where the bird will stop, and set up the camera on that spot. We have used a 34 x 4½ press camera mounted on a sturdy tripod. This camera is equipped with a solenoid to trip the shutter, a battery case with an extension to accommodate five batteries, and synchronization for the light. The tripping of this "setup" is accomplished with a remote switch on thirty-five feet of wire. Through all of our make-shifts and our present manufactured sets this contact switch on the end of the remote control has given the most trouble. We now have a positive toggle switch.

Lighting the subject is a real factor, as nests and other focal points of bird activities are often in the shade. We use the bowl type reflector eight inches in diameter, made of aluminum. This gives a soft light, free from a hot spot. About twice a year we take a piece of fine steel wool and give the inside of the reflector a light rubbing. The reflector is mounted on a stand separate from the camera. We prefer the 5B bulb for this work.

We set our camera twenty to thirty inches from the spot we anticipate the bird will be. At this short distance the depth of focus is very shallow so we need to focus very accurately on the ground glass. We have a small lithographed can we use to represent the bird. The picture is composed and the camera set. The flash reflector is adjusted to twenty-four inches from the subject to the bulb. This is measured and the reflector adjusted to cover the exact spot we anticipate the bird. This adjustment and distance needs to be done accurately as a few inches makes a lot of difference in the intensity of the light. We arrived at twenty-four inches to the reflector, aperture f.11, shutter speed 1/100th of a second, 5B bulb on Ektachrome film by trial and error. The reflector can be set forward or back of the camera to keep this distance. By not mounting the reflector on the camera, we can make the distance from subject to camera variable, and also avoid the flat lighting resulting from a reflector on the camera.With the camera focused and the reflector adjusted we make all settings of the camera, make the connections of wires to solenoid, and flash, connect the remote control to the battery case. With the release button we retire to a point as much out of sight as possible, and at least are quiet. This point should be where we can see the activity being photographed and if possible at the same angle from which we composed the picture. When the bird appears and assumes the pose we anticipated, we

When the bird appears and assumes the pose we anticipated, we trip the equipment with the remote control. When there is sufficient light from natural sources the reflector is not set up, and we have used f.8 at 1/50th second on Ektachrome.

The strobe light offers great possibilities in that movement can be stopped, allowing studies of flight and action. We have made a few pictures by this method but so far feel that they do not fit into our uses, which have been to illustrate stories or bird talks. Our aim is to show the bird as the average person sees it. We used the same procedure as we used for synchronized flash.

Most every bird has a pattern of coming and going, which, if carefully watched, indicates a picture and the location to set up the camera. Some of these spots are out of the question photographically, because of their location out of reach or behind foliage. The lapse of time between the birds' visits may also be too great.

Some situations can be controlled. Birds appreciate water, so set up a place for them to drink and bathe and you have your stage. Our best pictures at the bird bath have been made during the winter months when people aren't watering lawns and plants so much. We are on the look-out constantly to find natural water holes. Such locations have proved most fruitful. In desert areas they attract birds from a great radius, and here too we often meet migrating birds.

The feeding station is another controlled spot. Birds will soon discover your offering when you cater to their tastes. We have used the skeleton of a cholla cactus, stuffing the center with kraft paper, and filling the round holes on the perimeter with food, until it has almost become a trade mark for us. Cracked grains satisfy many birds. We use a mixture of hen scratch and baby chick scratch. Small pieces of suet and fruit can also be put out to pin point the location of a bird. Pomegranates are relished by all birds in our area and are easily stored for winter feeding. Careful observation will reveal the pattern of arrival, sometimes across a near branch. The camera can be placed so the photograph can be made of the bird without the food being evident. When camping in a location several days a feeding routine can bestarted and birds are soon attracted.

The nest is the center of a lot of activity and can be used to get pictures from the building of the nest through the feeding of the young. Branches will be in the way for an unobstructed view of the nest, and it is best to tie these back while the picture is being made. We carry a piece of green fishing line which is strong and not conspicuous. After the picture is made we untie the branches and restore the site to its original condition. When the branches are cut off around the nest the baby birds are left exposed and are apt to die from sunburn.

Many birds, especially the flycatchers, use hunting perches from which they observe the surrounding terrain and fly out into the air to catch insects, returning to the same perch or another in its series of perches. Other birds watch the ground from perches and fly down when they see available food. Stones with markings on them indicate a bird has come often to perch there. With a little watching the possibilities for a picture can soon be determined.

The hummingbirds, considered most elusive by many, are in truth good photographic subjects. An individual or a family of hummingbirds take over a definite area as a feeding ground. From a lookout post which is usually above or out from the leaves, the territory is watched. From this vantage point, which may be only a broken dry stem or a leafless twig on a bush, it flies out to drive away intruders or to eat, practically always returning to the look-out. In this hunting area they also have favorite clumps of flowers where they feed and are well worth watching. The female is not too frightened when you approach her nest and will soon return when she has been disturbed. Expect her to make a close inspection of and your camera when she returns.To people interested in photographing hummingbirds, of the nineteen species found in America north of Mexico, fourteen have been recorded in Arizona. Two are based on rather meager records of the past. In our years of watching we have identified ten species and have made pictures of seven species.

There are many locations that can not be reached with a pre-set camera. When it was necessary to reach the saguaro screech owl in the top of the giant cactus in this series, the telephoto lens was used to bridge the distance. To cover the 3¼ x 4½ plate we have used a 15-inch Wollensack lens. We found we had to have a tube and metal lens board made to accommodate it. This lens is of value to us only when we have good light, as we need to use the curtain shutter and, contrary to some advertising, we have not found a flash system of adequate throw or that could be synchronized with the curtain shutter. The picture of the killdeer at her nest was made twelve to fifteen feet from the nest, by sitting on the ground under the tripod, and focusing on the bird when she returned. At this short distance the depth of focus is very shallow, so the focusing of the telephoto lens at close range requires much care. The picture of this equipment will show more than a lot of description. The exposure we have used is between f.5.6 and f.6.3 at 1/70th second. The steady support of a tripod is very desirable with this lens. The twin lens reflex camera has served to make documentary pictures, such as nest sites and habitat. We have used it occasionally to take flocking birds and the soaring of the big birds like the vulture. We have used the reflex in a few pre-focus shots with a 6-foot manual extension cable release. With the giant size mounting for projecting 2" x 2" slides this may offer some possibilities. The 35-mm. camera has not come into our experience, as we have projected our 3½ x 4½ pictures with a lantern slide projector for our bird talks. Publishers favor the large size transparency. We have worked with people who use telephoto lenses with enormous magnification and have produced wonderful negatives, especially with the single lens, ground glass focusing cameras.Our latest venture in bird photography has been to make an hour length movie in color, which we titled “Arizona Birds.” The 16-mm. film has a great advantage in that its small size makes it possible to cover it with a 152-mm. (6 inch) lens for a 6-power magnification. With this we can fill the frame with a mourning dove at twenty-five feet, which when projected gives a giant image. This lens, a 4-inch lens and a 1-inch lens have given us good coverage. We have used the knowledge and experience gained with the still cameras with the movie camera. It has been a gratifying venture, requiring less time and energy than we expended on the stills. People generally enjoy the animated pictures with bird talks, but many tell us they learned more from our slides. We can hold them on the screen longer and tell more about each bird. The drawback, to us, is that movies cannot be used for publication. The use of a blind, or “hide” as the English call it, is something each photographer seems to like to work Out for himself, and different situations may need a different type of blind. We take our release into the house when working at feeding tray or bird bath in our own yard and have found it satisfactory to use a telephoto lens through an open window. The automobile is a very satisfactory and convenient blind for observation and photography. We have made a device to clamp the camera on the door ledge of the car and find it useful, especially along the side roads and back country. The blind we use in the field has an aluminum take-down frame which packs compactly. Over this we spread a fitted cover, of a dirt colored, cotton material that blends into most surroundings. This covers the equipment and operator when telephoto lenses are used, and only the operator when using a remote release. In either case we feel that the blind is of more value when allowed to stand where it is to be used until birds get accustomed to it. When our time does not permit this, we set up as low as possible, make the operator as comfortable as possible, and keep our movements to a minimum. The birds accept our presence without the blind fairly soon. However, if we don't get the response we expect in a reasonable time, in this open situation, we move on. Birds are individuals; some will respond readily and others will not. Photographers can be a detriment to bird life by keeping parent birds away from their nest over long periods. Their eggs must be kept warm, the young fed and sheltered from heat and cold. Make it a policy to try for that picture now, as situations change from day to day in the bird world. When you start to work a subject allow yourself plenty of time as birds cannot be rushed. Always carry the philosophy that even if you did not get the picture in the camera, you have had another experience. Where do we go to see birds? That depends on the time of year and if we are interested in a particular bird. In the irrigated areas a ride up and down the secondary

SKETCHES BY HAROLD C. MUNDSTOCK Closeups: Gambel's Quail

roads is rewarding, especially if we locate the irrigation activities on the farms. Concentrations of birds may be expected at water holes and streams. In Arizona water is the magnet.

Probably top on our list are the Huachuca Mountains. Perhaps because we started there, but also because we never fail to find something new and exciting. We find there the north advance of some of the hummingbirds, flycatchers, and trogans from the tablelands of northern Mexico. This range, about forty miles long and varying in altitude from 4,000 to 9,000 feet, with its seven canyons facing the east, offers possibilities of around one hundred eighty different species during a year. The eleven species of hummingbirds that may be found there draw us back again and again. The most beautiful and largest of these species are the Rivoli's and blue-throated, which are common in summer. Eighteen species of flycatchers are present, including the sulphur-bellied with its call like a tin whistle. Of the smaller summer residents, one of the most beautiful, the painted redstart, is sure to receive his share of attention.

The Chiricahuas to the east, a large range in land coverage, are cut off by grasslands but have birds from Mexico sifting in for the summer. There is good birding throughout the range, but we found concentrations of birds in the beautiful mountain meadows in Rustler's and Barfoot parks. In midsummer the red-faced warbler, white-throated swift and tree swallows are at the peak of nesting activities. In the late summer we have been thrilled with the numbers of rufous and broad-tailed hummingbirds feeding on fields of wild delphinium, before starting their migration to the south. The young wild turkeys were following their mothers, and the violet-green swallows were teaching their last brood to fly.

The Santa Rita Mountains, with three peaks above 8,000 feet, have about the same bird life and are easily accessible by car from Tucson. Dr. A. A. Allen discovered a nest of the coppery-tailed trogan in the oak forests of the Santa Ritas and made the published picture of this rare visitor from the tropics.

Also in the vicinity of Tucson is Rillito Creek, a long, wandering wash at the foot of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and its tributary, Pantano Wash. On Rillito Creek is the site of old Fort Lowell. Here the first specimens of the Arizona cardinal, western blue grosbeak, Arizona hooded oriole, Arizona crested flycatcher, Palm-er's thrasher, and desert sparrow were taken and described, for American bird literature, by the physicianornithologists assigned to the post. The verdin and the phainopepla are also found in this area.

The Graham Mountains, with the highest pinnacle, Graham Peak, at 10,000 feet, can be reached from Safford. Pinal Mountains are south of Globe. The two peaks, Signal and Pinal, can be reached in an hour's drive from Globe over good mountain roads. This is the nesting site of the hermit thrush and many broad-tailed hummingbirds. It is also a gathering area for several kinds of hummers before their migration south in the fall.

The White Mountains are a higher elevation in the great ponderosa pine belt which sweeps from Williams to the eastern border of the state. Bill Williams Mountain, Humphrey's Peak, Kendrick's Peak, San Francisco Peaks are other landmarks rising above the level of the pines. Two life zones in our natural history are easily recognized in this area. The transition zone from 5,000 to 8,000 feet is covered with ponderosa pine, Gambel's oak and locust. The 8,000 to 12,000 feet elevation is the boreal zone and supports Douglas fir, aspen, Engleman's spruce and the wind-blown, scrubby growth above timber line. This zone occurs as islands on the peaks. In the White Mountain area we have found both Coleman's Creek and Hannagan Meadows, on Highway 666, interesting. In Coleman's Creek we had an eagle for a neighbor. Teaching the young to fly seemed to necessitate a lot of screaming. This took several days to identify and, until we did, caused us no end of apprehension. The western bluebirds appeared each morning and hunted as the sunshine progressed across the meadow and warmed the insects into activity. As we went higher toward Big Lake we saw the osprey and wild turkeys. At the lake shore were flocks of Brewer's blackbirds. This reminds us that season makes a big difference in the life of birds. Brewer's blackbirds winter in the warm valleys by the thousands. The long-crested jay, nuthatches, and chickadees are also common in the transition area. In the boreal zone we meet the Clark's nutcrackers and mountain bluebirds.

These areas in northern Arizona can be reached from Flagstaff and Williams, as can the Grand Canyon. The inhabited areas on the rims of the Grand Canyon are good places to study birds, for they have been fed and are used to people. We have leaned against a pine at the South Rim and had a nuthatch come down thetrunk and climb over a shoulder and go on down. The North Rim is approximately 1,200 feet higher than the South Rim, so there you may look for Clark's nutcrack-ers, crossbills and mountain bluebirds. Also at the North Rim we have found time spent at the sink holes well worth while. Ten to fifteen species have been observed in a couple of hours.

Trunk and climb over a shoulder and go on down. The North Rim is approximately 1,200 feet higher than the South Rim, so there you may look for Clark's nutcrack-ers, crossbills and mountain bluebirds. Also at the North Rim we have found time spent at the sink holes well worth while. Ten to fifteen species have been observed in a couple of hours.

The other two life zones in the state are the upper Sonoran zone and the lower Sonoran zone. The upper Sonoran zone covers a comparatively limited area, 3,000 to 5,000 feet in elevation. It can be identified by the growth of juniper, piñon pine, and the grasslands near the mountains. The lower Sonoran zone, the warm valleys below 3,000 feet, covers about five-eighths of the land in Arizona. The growths present are cacti, mes-quite, ironwood and yucca.

The Colorado River has interesting bird life almost any place you touch it in Arizona. Here the desert birds meet the water birds. One of our most thrilling after-noons was a bird trip through Topock Swamp. We wound among the old, drowned out trees, with their branches and snags standing out of the water, giving us a sense of being in an eerie world. Our host showed us more ducks, geese, and other water birds than we had ever seen before. This trip should be made between Jan-uary 1st and February 10th. An easy approach is from Kingman over U.S. 66.

Lake Havasu, back of Parker Dam, is forty-five miles long and offers much surface for ducks and pelicans. We have been delighted with the American egrets, they seem to meet us at the dam and are in evidence most any way you go, either across the lake or to the east to Bill Wil-liams delta.

From Yuma we drove to the Imperial Diversion Dam. Below the dam there are sloughs and water covered areas inviting to dowitchers, sandpipers, and other shore birds. Up the river from the dam, on an interesting twenty-eight mile boat ride, the snowy egrets posed, as beautiful Japanese prints, all along the way. On this trip we counted 5,000 coots as they walked the water to get away from our outboard motor boat. We wound in and out of the growth at the water's edge to see cor-morants, kingfishers, and ducks. About half way on this trip we were shown a great blue heron rookery, three dozen nests in a group of tall cottonwood trees.

There are many birding trips that can be made in a day, depending on your location, like the Rillito trip from Tucson. Ask locally for information. From Phoenix, day trips can be made to Southwestern Arboretum, near Superior, Cave Creek, Pinnacle Peak, Verde River, Has-sayampa River near Wickenburg, Camp Verde and Montezuma's Castle area and Santa Maria River.

The Santa Maria trip has been a favored one with us the last few years. Our focal point is the Santa Maria Bridge on Highway 93, west of Congress, just a hundred miles from Phoenix. Here the small river, in struggling to make its way across the desert, sometimes finds it necessary to go underground. Bullard's Wash, boasting a very small stream, supplements the river at this point. This meager showing of water attracts a multitude of small shore birds and birds of the surrounding desert. We can count on a list of around thirty species. We are always sure to see black phoebes, Say's phoebes, and vermillion flycatchers. In spring and fall, the migrating birds consider this a river and follow its course. In winter, the visitors and residents come from miles around to eat, drink and bathe. We have been here the last of December, several years, and watched a steady stream of desert sparrows and sage sparrows drop down in small flocks during much of the day. They drink, bathe, and back to the desert they fly, while more take their place. In summer, the Arizona crested flycatcher makes a nest in a hole in a saguaro cactus, that was dug by a Gila woodpecker. The tiny Lucy's warblers fill the mesquite thicket with their songs.

A couple of years ago while waiting behind the camera for a picture, here at Santa Maria, a Brahma bull came closer and closer. Harry's experience with Brahmas had been gained from watching rodeos. As the Brahma came closer he decided not to challenge his rights and picked up his equipment and left as quickly as possible. A couple of cattle men were up on the highway fixing an axle, so he went to them for an opinion. They said it was only curiosity and the Brahma would not harm him, as range Brahmas were not as mean as the rodeo type. Since he did want the picture he went back. The Brahma practically looked over his shoulder the remainder of the afternoon, just wondering.

Several of these small rivers, the Santa Maria, Big Sandy, and Burro Creek, combine to make the Bill Williams River, which joins the Colorado on the west, back of Parker Dam. Here it forms the Bill Williams Delta, as nice a bird country as you would care to visit.

We make little progress on the highway without a definite schedule. If we are on the Black Canyon Highway, for instance, we want to stop at the two big cotton-woods north of Cordes Junction. This year we found nests of the Bullock's oriole, vermillion flycatcher, phain-opepla, Grace's warbler, and doves in these two trees and the surrounding mesquite thicket. We want to stop at Montezuma's Well and look for the nest of the blue grosbeak, which we see every trip in summer. There is a potential bird record or picture anywhere we stop.

We are often asked about books. There are two classes: field guides and books to read about birds. Our favorite guide to Arizona birds is Roger Tory Peterson's "A Field Guide to Western Birds." This has a good set of drawings and descriptions. Many of the drawings are in color. For romantic, leisure reading we recommend Herbert Brandt's "Arizona and Its Bird Life." Mr. Brandt spent a number of summers in southeastern Arizona and has written the history of the country, lore of the vicin-ity, and his experiences with the birds. It makes ex-cellent reading.

Our hobbies have been a bond in our family, giving us a common interest, and the pleasure of many happy hours together. Another great reward has been the friendships we have made with people with interests in birds or photography. Many of these friends have been most helpful and encouraging in numerous, thoughtful ways through the years. Some direct us or take us to interest-ing areas about the state, while others call us if they find something of interest to see or photograph. All have given of their experiences, far and near. At times we wish we could be many places at once. Along the Colorado River and the desert early in spring. The mountains in summer, where we can work as high as 14,000 feet. The little rivers cutting across the deserts are magnets to bird life. Always there is that urge to watch and photograph one more bird. Each bird is a new adventure.

ARIZONA: America's Rose Garden of the Future BY JOE STACEY

This January the blue skies over Arizona's miracle valleys in the sun are looking down upon 20,000,000 green, pencil-size, newly planted sticks, each a cutting from last season's rootstock rosebushes. In two years these vast acres will yield better than 15,000,000 of the world's finest rose plants.

Pull one of the sticks from the ground and you will note that the buds have been removed from the lower portion and two good bud-eyes have been left on the upper half. You can push the cutting back into the soil where it will soon take root with the thousand more in that row. Within a few weeks the bud-eyes will have sprouted into canes; and by early June you will see row after row of lush green, thriving bushes which are now ready for the budding operation, the most important stage in the propagation of your favorite rose varieties.

Commercial propagation is done by budding, a simple form of grafting, in which a single bud, instead of a stem is inserted and bound to the host or root-plant. The rootplant is selected for its capacity to form a strong, hardy root system which will stand transplanting shock and climatic changes. These plants are directly descended from species of wild roses. Commercial growers use the rootstock they have found to be most adaptable to their areas and growing techniques.

Budding is an art which requires timing, patience, careful but speedy manipulations combining deft finger work and a very sharp knife. Working on his knees and close to the ground, the budder makes a vertical slit on the stem of the root-plant at a point about two inches from the base of the bush. A horizontal slit is then made at the top to form a "T." These cuts are usually made on the north side of the bush so that the new bud will be in the shade during the hottest part of the day.

From another stick of a pre-selected variety to be budded the budder slices a shield-shaped portion of bark which includes one bud. This he inserts into the peeledback portion of the "T" cut. A co-worker now ties the bud in place by wrapping the bud with a strip of budrubber about 3/16 inch wide and five inches long. The rubber is wound below and above the bud and fastened with a half-hitch. Then the plant is cut and bent back on the opposite side of the bud. This insures circulation of plant life to and through the new bud. The bud now draws at least seventy-five percent of the plant energy.

Soon the new bud develops into a shoot and a new plant is established. In a few months the top canes of the root-plant are cut away and the new plant takes over. Now the miracle of natures goes on with two plants growing as one.. the root-plant for strength and roots, the other above the bud union growing the beauty of leaves and blossoms. At this time the plant is approximately one year old. Throughout the second spring and summer nature's growing processes are at work, aided by controlled irrigation. Soon the first spring blooms of the new plants will greet the lucky traveler visiting the areas at that time.

The warm summer sun seems to lift the plant skyward an inch for every ten degrees of heat, so that by the end of summer the plants have reached maturity. By fall the new queens of the flower kingdom are ready for their coronation days, and no queen ever dressed more resplendently for the occasion. Late in September and October the thrill of a lifetime awaits the visitor when hundreds of acres of roses in their finest blooms make a living picture of fragrance, color, and form which no artist can ever interpret in two dimensions. As you stand spell-bound at the panorama, where it seems the fields blend into the background of majestic mountains, it is almost impossible to believe that those very fields were sage-brush and cactus less than a decade ago. In mid-October the grower's schedule calls for the preparation which will make the plants ready for digging. The rosebush is a living thing like you and me. It will not withstand the shock of being torn from its home, shorn of its dress, of being cut in two, exposed to cold storage, and shipped thousands of miles to another climate. It would surely die. So that all these things can be accomplished and the rose may awake to live again, the plant must be put under a form of natural anesthesia... a state of coma. In gradual stages the plant is made dormant, growth is retarded and stopped at a point where a minimum sap circulation remains, so that the plant is just barely alive.

In mid-October the grower's schedule calls for the preparation which will make the plants ready for digging. The rosebush is a living thing like you and me. It will not withstand the shock of being torn from its home, shorn of its dress, of being cut in two, exposed to cold storage, and shipped thousands of miles to another climate. It would surely die. So that all these things can be accomplished and the rose may awake to live again, the plant must be put under a form of natural anesthesia... a state of coma. In gradual stages the plant is made dormant, growth is retarded and stopped at a point where a minimum sap circulation remains, so that the plant is just barely alive.

The dormant cycle begins with the termination of "CHRYSLER IMPERIAL ROSE" BY HERB MCLAUGHLIN, A. P. A. 4x5 Linhof camera; Ektachrome; f.11 at 1 sec.; SchneiderXenar lens; July 6, 1957. The Chrysler Imperial is one of the many roses grown commercially in Arizona. The Imperial flourishes in the sun and thrives under controlled irrigation.

"ACRES AND ACRES OF ROSES" BY HERB MCLAUGHLIN, Α. Ρ. Α. 8x10 Ansco camera; Ektachrome; f.32 at 1½ sec.; 12" Ektar lens; July 4, 1957; bright, sunny day. This photograph shows a part of the Arizona Rose Company farms, north of Phoenix off the Black Canyon Highway in Deer Valley. Similar vistas of thriving roses can be seen in the Phoenix-Deer Valley-Peoria area at Jackson-Perkins Company, Consolidated, Conklin Roses, Carl S. Sharmburger Nurseries, and in Casa Grande at Whittington Nursery and Amling-DeVor.