Lewis and Clark

The epic of Lewis and Clark is more than a classic of adventuresome men fired with the best all-American spirit. Long before "women's lib" the name of Sacajawea was written into the priceless records of the Lewis and Clark expedition by five men who wrote the story day by day as it was lived, in a stranger than fiction diary, the quality of which grows more entrancing as the great American West grows in population and in the importance of its resources. Sacajawea was only seventeen years old when she joined the Lewis and Clark party. Her new-born papoose journeyed to the Pacific and back on a cradle board. Her name and her story belong to the epic of Lewis and Clark, to the romance of the American West, and most certainly to the small but sublime group of all-American Heroines... were the leading men and Sacajawea was the leading woman in the first and most important drama of exploration in the Great Northwest.

The noted historian, John Bakeless, in his Introduction, The Heritage Press, two volume edition "The Journals of The Expedition" writes: ... it was Sacajawea who saved the expedition, in its moment of crisis at the foot of the Rockies. There was only a little time left to cross before snow blocked the high passes. Horses the explorers had to have at once. They could get them only from Indians. Yet they had journeyed hundreds of miles from their 18041805 winter quarters, without seeing a single Indian. At almost the last moment, the expedition had the good fortune to fall in with the very band from which Sacajawea had been kidnapped some years before and of which her brother now was chief. Through Sacajawea the travelers could readily converse "with the Shoshones; friendly relations were easily maintained. The white men were able to purchase pack horses and, with them, to cross to the Pacific side of the mountains. Although all of the Bakeless references to Sacajawea are not superlative he does state: The choice of Sacajawea was, of course a triumph of personnel work.

The people of the young Republic of the United States were greatly astonished, in the summer of 1803, to learn that Napoleon Bonaparte, then First Consul of France, had sold to us the vast tract of land known as the country of Louisiana.

The price to be paid for this vast domain was fifteen million dollars. The area of the country ceded was reckoned to be more than one million square miles, greater than the total area of the United States, as the Republic then existed. Roughly described, the territory comprised all that part of the continent west of the Mississippi River, bounded on the north by the British possessions and on the west and south by dominions of Spain. At the time, the entire population of the region, exclusive of the Indian tribes that roamed over its trackless spaces, was barely ninety thousand persons, of whom forty thousand were negro slaves. The civilized inhabitants were principally French, or descendants of French, with a few Spanish, Germans, English, and Americans.

The purchase of this tremendous slice of territory could not be complete without an approval of the bargain by the United States Senate. Great opposition to this was immediately excited by people in various parts of the Union, especially in New England, where there was a very bitter feeling against the prime mover in this business, Thomas Jefferson, then President of the United States. The scheme was ridiculed by persons who insisted that the region was not only wild and unexplored, but uninhabitable and worthless. They derided "The Jefferson Purchase," as they called it, as a useless piece of extravagance and folly; and, in addition to its being a foolish bargain, it was urged that President Jefferson had no right, under the constitution of the United States, to add any territory to the area of the Republic.

Nevertheless, a majority of the people were in favor of the purchase, and the bargain was duly approved by the United States Senate; that body, July 31, 1803, just three months after the execution of the treaty of cession, formally ratified the important agreement between the two governments. The dominion of the United States was now extended across the entire continent of North America, reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The Territory of Oregon was already ours.

No white man had ever traversed those trackless plains, or scaled the frowning ranges of mountains that barred the way across the continent. There were living in the fastnesses of the mysterious interior of the Louisiana Purchase many tribes of Indians who had never looked in the face of the white man.

The attention of President Jefferson had been early attracted to the vast, unexplored domain which his wise foresight was finally to add to the territory of the United States. While he was living in Paris, as the representative of the United States, in 1785-89, he made the acquaintance of John Ledyard, of Connecticut, the well-known explorer, who had then in mind a scheme for the establishment of a fur-trading post on the western coast of America.

In 1803, availing himself of a plausible pretext to send out an exploring expedition, President Jefferson asked Congress to appropriate a small sum of money ($2,500) for the execution of his purpose.

Meriwether Lewis, a captain in the army, was selected by Jefferson to lead the expedition. Captain Lewis was a native of Virginia, and at that time was only twenty-nine years old. He had been Jefferson's private secretary for two years and was, of course, familiar with the President's plans and expectations as these regarded the wonder-land which Lewis was to enter.

For a coadjutor and comrade Captain Lewis chose William Clark, also a native of Virginia, and then about thirtythree years old. Clark, like Lewis, held a commission in the military service of the United States.

As finally organized, the expedition was made up of the two captains (Lewis and Clark) and twenty-six men. These were nine young men from Kentucky, who were used to life on the frontier among Indians; fourteen soldiers of the United States Army, selected from many who eagerly volunteered their services; two French voyageurs, or watermen, one of whom was an interpreter of Indian language, and the other a hunter; and one black man.

The duties of the explorers were numerous and important. They were to explore as thoroughly as possible the country through which they were to pass; making such observations of latitude and longitude as would be needed when maps of the region should be prepared by the War Department; observing the trade, commerce, tribal relations, manners and customs, language, traditions, and monuments, habits and industrial pursuits, diseases and laws of Indian nations with whom they might come in contact; note the floral, mineral, and animal characteristics of the country, and, above all, to report whatever might be of interest to citizens who might thereafter be desirous of opening trade relations with those wild tribes of which almost nothing was then known.

In his last letter to Captain Lewis, which was to reach the explorers before they started, Jefferson said: "The acquisition of the country through which you are to pass has inspired the country generally with a great deal of interest in your enterprise. The inquiries are perpetual as to your progress. The Feds alone still treat it as a philosophism, and would rejoice at its failure. Their bitterness increases with the diminution of their numbers and despair of a resurrection. I hope you will take care of yourself, and be a living witness of their malice and folly." Indeed, after the explorers were lost sight of in the wilderness which they were to traverse, many people in the States declaimed bitterly against the folly that had sent these unfortunate men to perish miserably in the fathomless depths of the continent. They no longer treated it "as a philosophism," or wild prank, but as a wicked scheme to risk life and property in a search for the mysteries of the unknown and unknowable.

The party finally set sail up the Missouri River, from near what is now St. Louis, on Monday, May 21, 1804.

For their winter camp, the explorers built a number of huts, which they called Fort Mandan. The place was on the north bank of the Missouri River, in what is now McLean County, North Dakota, about sixteen hundred miles up the river from St. Louis, and seven or eight miles below the mouth of Big Knife River. On the opposite bank, years later, the United States built a military post known as Fort Clark, which may be found on some of the present-day maps. The huts were built of logs, and were arranged in two rows, four rooms in each hut, the whole number being placed in the form of an angle, with a stockade, or picket, across the two outer ends of the angle, in which was a gate, kept locked at night. The roofs of the huts slanted upward from the inner side of the rows, making the outer side of each hut eighteen feet high; and the lofts of these were made warm and comfortable with dry grass mixed with clay. Here they were continually visited during the winter by Indians from all the region around. Here, too, they secured the services of an interpreter, one Chaboneau, who continued with them to the end. This man's wife, Sacajawea, whose Indian name was translated "Bird Woman," had been captured from the Snake Indians and sold to Chaboneau, who married her. She was "a good creature, of a mild and gentle disposition, greatly attached to the whites." In the expedition she proved herself more valuable to the explorers than her husband, and Lewis and Clark always speak of her in terms of respect and admiration.

On New Year's Day, 1806, at Fort Clatsop, word came to the Lewis and Clark party that a large whale had been washed ashore on Ocean Beach some miles from the inland camp. Learning that Captain Clark and some of the men were going to see the big fish, Sacajawea begged to go along saying she had travelled far with them and she wanted to see the "Big Water" which she had only heard from a great distance. Clymer's painting depicts Sacajawea moments after her first joyous visual confrontation with the Pacific Ocean. The scene is near the mouth of Ecola Creek (Whale Creek).

From the Journals: January 3, 1806 "At eleven o'clock we were visited by our neighbor, the Tia or chief, Como-wool, who is also called Cooné, and six Clatsops. Besides roots and berries, they brought for sale three dogs, and some fresh blubber. The blubber, which is esteemed by the Indians an excellent food, has been obtained, they tell us, from their neighbors, the Killamucks, a nation who live on the seacoast to the southeast, near one of whose villages a whale had recently been thrown and foundered."

January 5, 1806 "The appearance of the whale seemed to be a matter of importance to all the neighboring Indians, and as we might be able to procure some of it for ourselves, or at least purchase blubber from the Indians, a small parcel of merchandise was prepared, and a party of the men held in readiness to set out in the morning. As soon as this resolution was known, Chaboneau and his wife requested that they might be permitted to accompany us. The poor woman stated very earnestly that she had travelled a great way with us to see the great water, yet she had never been down to the coast, and now that this monstrous fish was also to be seen, it seemed hard

that she should be permitted to see neither the ocean nor the whale. So reasonable a request could not be denied; they were therefore suffered to accompany Captain Clark.

"SACAJAWEA" - oil on canvas by John Clymer Gold Medal, National Academy of Western Art, National Cowboy Hall of Fame, 1974. Private Collection.

LEWIS and CLARK from page 39

The following excerpts from the Official Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition:

July 30, 1805:

Sacajawea, our Indian woman, informs us that we are encamped on the precise spot where her countrymen, the Snake Indians, had their huts five years ago, when the Minnetarees of Knife River first came in sight of them, and from what they hastily retreated three miles up the Jefferson, and concealed themselves in the woods. The Minnetarees, however, pursued and attacked them, killed four men, as many women, and a number of boys; and made prisoners of four other boys and all the females, of whom Sacajawea was one. She does not, however, show any distress at these recollections, nor any joy at the prospect of being restored to her country; for she seems to possess the folly, or the philosophy, of not suffering her feelings to extend beyond the anxiety of having plenty to eat and a few trinkets to wear.

August 16, 1805: At bedtime the chief and five others slept round the fire of Captain Lewis, and the rest hid themselves in different parts of the willow-brush to avoid the wary, who, they feared, would attack them in the night. Captain Lewis endeavored to assume a cheerfulness he did not feel, to prevent the despondency of the savages. After conversing gayły with them he retired to his mosquito-bier, by the side of which the chief now placed himself. He lay down, yet slept but little, being in fact scarcely less uneasy than his Indian companions. He was apprehensive that, finding the ascent of the river impracticable, Captain Clark might have stopped below Rattlesnake bluff, and the messenger would not meet him. The consequence of disappointing the Indians at this moment would most probably be that they would retire and secrete themselves in the mountains, so as to prevent our having an opportunity of recovering their confidence. They would also spread a panic through all the neighboring Indians, and to cut us off from the supply of horses so useful and almost so essential to our success. He was at the same time consoled by remembering that his hopes of assistance rested on better foundations than their generosity their avarice and their curiosity. He had promised liberal exchanges for their horses; but what was still more seductive, he had told them that one of their countrywomen, who had been taken with the Minnetárses, accompanied the party below; and one of the men had spread the report of our having with us a man [York] perfectly black, whose hair was short and curled. This last account had excited a great degree of curiosity, and they seemed more desirous of seeing this monster than of obtaining the most favorable barter for their horses.

On setting out at seven o'clock, Captain Clark, with Chabobeau and his wife, walked on shore; but they had not gone more than a mile before Captain Clark saw Sacajawea, who was with her husband one hundred yards ahead, begin to dance and show every mark of the most extravagant joy, turning round to him and pointing to several Indians, whom he now saw advancing on horseback, sucking her fingers at the same time, to indicate that they were of her native tribe. As they advanced, Captain Clark discovered among them Drewyer dressed like an Indian, from whom he learned the situation of the party. While the boats were performing the circuit, he went toward the forks with the Indians, who, as they went along, sang aloud with the greatest appearance of delight.

We soon drew near the camp, and just as we approached it a woman made her way through the crowd toward Sacajawea; recognizing each other, they embraced with the most tender affection. The meeting of these two young women had to it something peculiarly touching, not only from the ardent manner in which their feelings were expressed, but also fromthe real interest of their situation. They had been companions in childhood; in the war with the Minnetarees they had both been taken prisoners in the same battle; they had shared and softened the rigors of their captivity until one of them had escaped from their enemies with scarce a hope of ever seeing her friend rescued from their hands. While Sacajawea was renewing among the women the friendships of former days, Captain Clark went on, and was received by Captain Lewis and the chief, who, after the flot embraces and salutations were over, conducted him to a sort of circular tent or shade of willows. Here he was seated on a white robe; and the chief immediately tied in his hair six small shells resembling pearls, an uraarment highly valued by these people, who procure them in the course of trade from the sea coast. The moccasins of the whole party were then taken off, and, after much ceremony, the smoking began. After this the conference was to be opened; and, glad of an opportunity of being able to conversa more intelligibly, Sacajawen, was sent for: she came into the tent, sat down, and was beginning to interpret, when in the person of Cameahwali she recognized her brother. She instantly jompal up, wad van and embraced him, throwing over him her blanket, and weeping profusely: the chief was länself moved, though not in the same degree. After some conversation between them abe resumed her seat, and attempted to interpret for us; but her now situation seemed to overpower her, and she was frequently interrupted by he tears. After the council was finished, the unfortunate woman learned that all her femily were dead except two brothers, one of whom was absent, and a son of her sidest sister, a small boy, who was immediately adopted by her.

The two parties, Indian and white, now went into a conference, the white chiefs explainlog that it would be neccful for their indian friends to collect all their horses and help to transport the goods of the explorers over the Great Divide. The Journal says: The speech made a favorable impression. The chief, in reply, thanked us for our expressions of friendship toward himself and his nation, and declared their willingness to render us every service. He lamented that it would be so long before they should be supplied with firearms, but that till then they could subsist as they had heretofore done. He concluded by saying that there were not horses enough here to transport our goods, but that he would return to the village tomorrow, bring all his own horses, and encourage his people to come over with theirs.

It was therefore agreed that Captain Clark should set off in the morning with eleven men, birdsbed, besides their arms, with tools for making canoes: that he should take Chabonesa and his wife to the camp of the Shoshonees, where he was to leave them, in order to hasten the collection of horses, that he should then lead his men down to the Columbia, and if he found it navigable, and the timber in sufficient quantity, begin to build canoes.

In order to relieve the men of Captain Clark's party from the heavy weight of their arms, provisions, and tools, we exposed a few articles to barter for horses, and soon obtained three very good ones, in exchange for which we gave la uniform coat, a pair of leggings, a fow handkerchiefs, three knives, and some other small articles, the whole of which did not, in the United States, cost more than twenty dollars; a fourth was purchased by the men for an old checkered shirt, a pair of old leggings and a knife.

According to notes left by Clark, who died in 1830, Saca Jawca died at Manuel Lisa's fort out the upper Missouri during the winter of 1820,

Blind Sculptor Creates Indian Ritual Classics

Michael Naranho's bronzes are Impressionistic models of the Indian rituals he remembers from his childhood in the Santa Clara Pueblo in northern New Mexico. His father panse from the Taos Pueblo, his his mother from the Santa Clara Pueblo. After Michael was bora (1944), his Jarilly lived in the Santa Clara Pueblo. When he was nine, they moved to Taos, where he anended school. For two yeurs, Paichael was an art major at Highlands College in Las Vegas, New Mexico. In 1967, he was drafted and sent to Viet Nam, where he was totally blinded in the war. Although Nuranio had enjoyed modeling dwing his years in college, he first considered a career in sculpture while at the Rehabiliterion Center in Palo Alto, Califor ris. He returned to Tass and hegan work. Narunho kand one-man shows in galleries in. Sasta Fe and Alamasa, and in 1972 on the Heard Museum. He received con siderable publicity when he presented his DANCE OF THE EAGLE to Presidens Nixon, In expressing the spirit of Indian life, many Indian artists often go beyond historical accuracy and ethno logical identity. They ask universal questions and express the beliefs and feelings that are fundamental to all ways of life. They strive to understand the nature of man, his aspirations and limitations, and the meaning and value of life and death.

We receive many letters from people who learned of the Orpheus Male Chorus through the pages of ARIZONA HIGHWAYS, Many have collected our moord albums and we wonder if you will print this letter so that your readers will know we have recorded another album filed "Glory," a special selection of hymns and spirituale.

Director Ralph Hess has chosen a wide variety of hymns and spirituals, all of which reflect the American heritage, and which will appeal to a wide variety of musical tastes. Selections range from the formal chorale of Luther's Ein Faste Burg (16th C.), to the rhythmic gospel hymn, the Little Brown Charch In The Vale: One entire side is devoted to the Negro spiritual. John Lovell, Jr., in his book, BLACK SONG, points out that spirituals are undoubtedly a part of the American heritage becaus they are folk music; that is, songs of the people, the words of which have originated among the people and are extensively used by them. While the spiritual has a strong religious laver, the religious treatment is not not a shallow one, but is concerned about the origin, ends, and deepest manifestations of life. The unique qualities of the Orpheus Chorus are well displayed on this dise, for sacred choral mosie achieves a special ecrotional impact when endowed with the thobrs of 100 disciplined male voices.

We are pleased to print your letter and must say that It is an inspiring heart-stirring audio adventure, Recorded and produced in Arizona, alburns are avaliable, $5.50. ea, postpaid, from: Orpheus Mals Chorus, P.O. Box 217, Phoeniz 85001.

JOE NOGGLE from page 11

made of bronze. It is stronger and harder than any other common alloy except steel, which it exceeds in resistance to corrosion and ease of lubrication. More easily melted than copper, it is more suitable for casting.

Looking much like the late Ernest Hemingway as he concentrates on his craft, Noggle can usually be found working in his shop which is tucked away on a peaceful Prescott side street.

The foundry is a fascinating place to visit and the amiable owner frequently interrupts his work to show a few tourists about, welcome a traveling artist or explain the casting process to interested students. After the first glimpse at Noggle Bronze Works, a visitor is apt to look a bit bewildered.

Chuckling, Noggle says "This place may look chaotic, but it is planned chaos. Every piece of material you see is part of some artist's work. We know where it belongs and have it where it is for some specific purpose."

Bronzes in various stages of progress are to be seen everywhere. Just inside the door of the shop is a towering riveted casting of a dancing figure. Part of a companion piece lies on a huge roll-away table nearby; a leg of the second dancer rests on a shelf while an arm of the piece can be seen at the opposite end of the room near an assortment of heliarc equipment and acetylene gas tanks utilized with welding and cutting torches.

Smells of plaster and clay permeate the air around a huge work table which displays a mishmash of works in progress. Working as a closely coordinated team, each employee at Noggle Bronze Works does his own thing. To the casual observer, they appear to operate on pure impulse, putting aside one piece only to become intently involved on another. However unorthodox, the assembly line seems to operate with casual but efficient progress.

Noggle explains "While our staff members must have the capacity to work with infinite detail, they must also be able to move from one project to another. This is no place for someone who feels he must finish everything he starts. I feel the completed bronze should be the result of skilled teamwork."

The loft of the remodeled livery stable harbors the wax room where long tables have provided work space for some of the Southwest's most famous artists. Noggle reports "At times there have been five or six sculptors working here at once. We make a particular effort to have the artist work on the wax positive so that it will be as authentic as possible."

Rows of sculpture crowd the wooden shelves while current projects dot the work tables throughout the shop. Everywhere are sculptors' works in clay, stone, terra-cotta, wax, plastic and bronze. The majority of the works have a western flavor.

In one corner is a life-size piece by Ted DeGrazia titled "Yaqui Deer Dancer." The original required 200 pounds of clay and it took 600 pounds of bronze to complete the casting. Cynthia Rigden's "Rampant Colt" (used as an insignia by Colt Arms Company) stands near "Father Kino" as created by George Phippen. (Noggle cast many Phippen sculptures, most memorable of which is a 165-pound statue of Roy Wayland, entitled "Mr. Parade," which is a permanent attraction at the Phoenix Art Museum.) In another room a detailed Apache Indian head by Joe Beeler seems to gaze cooly at a Kennedy bust by Hardy Grant. Action-packed western pieces such as "Pancho Villa" and "Custer's Last Stand" by Dick Sloviaczek stand in marked contrast to abstract and modern art pieces such as "Strength of Man and Woman" by Tom Emery.

The trained eye can discern the distinct style differences in original pieces created by John Waddell, Don Ruffin, Cleo Duggar, Walt Emory, Sandy Ashton, Hugh Cabot, John LaParade and Hank Richter.

A veteran technician, Noggle enjoys his "third hand" relationship with these artists. But he observes "It takes a rare combination of traits to work in this business. You have to be able to work on your own as a free agent, but at the same time you have to gracefully accept close supervision."

One of the largest projects at Noggle Bronze Works involved the completion of 14 larger-than-life size dancing figures created by sculptor John Waddell. Cast in bronze, the group will provide an artistic accent for the new downtown Phoenix Civic Center Plaza.

Seven to fifteen feet high, the dancers are cast with steel rods in their feet. These rods are anchored to the base of large flower beds filled with one foot of soil. Flowers planted grow to a height of twelve inches before blooming. Weighing several tons, the dancers are poised tiptoeing on the buds of the fragile flowers. Noggle admits the project is a triumph of engineering and manufacturing, as well as of the sculptor's art.

The mechanics behind bronze art are in evidence throughout Noggle's foundry. A traveling hoist and assortment of pulleys hang from the ceiling, ready to assist in transporting large statues around the shop. There is the tilting chamber of the 220-pound capacity furnace from which the molten bronze flows into the final mold. Large barrels stand like sentries in every room, protecting their contents of clay, wax, wire, plaster, metal and other materials necessary for the craft.

When not fully absorbed in the intricacies of an elaborate bronze, Noggle is usually engaged in teaching the art of bronze casting to the young people who compose his staff.

Some who have benefited from Noggle's knowledge and skill have established foundries of their own. The Phippen Foundry in Prescott is operated by George Phippen's son, Ernie Phippen. Loren Phippen, his brother, runs Bear Paw Bronze Works in Scottsdale and in Skull Valley next to the old Phippen studio. The House of Bronze and Fine Art Gallery in Prescott is owned and operated by Jack Osmer. Other major Arizona foundries are Bill Woodruff's Buffalo Bronze Works in Sedona and Specialty Precision Foundry in Tucson, run by Allan and Dick Carroll.

"It looks like Prescott is fast becoming the bronze-casting capital of the world," grins Noggle, whose expert knowledge of the field is often sought by art galleries as well as artists.

Enthused over each new piece and full of encouragement for budding sculptors, this burly craftsman is apt to take off at the spur of the moment and drive to Flagstaff or Phoenix to view an art show or consult with an artist. However, this does not disrupt the progress on many different bronzes in the shop. The urgency of deadline delivery dates seem nonexistent at Noggle Bronze Works. Yet somehow each sculpture is completed with its own special bronze splendor a lasting monument to a fleeting moment of artistic inspiration.

THE NAVAJO NATION WINDOW ROCK, ARIZONA 86515 20 SEPTEMBER 1974

Since 1958 the Navajo Tribe has had an office established to work with photographers, motion picture companies, news writers and all other types of media who come onto the Navajoland to make coverage of the Navajo people and their land. On April 18, 1974, the Advisory Committee of the Navajo Tribal Council officially established the Navajo Communications Board to regulate and control all media activities on the Navajoland. I am enclosing that mandate for your information and reference.

The ARIZONA HIGHWAYS is a very informative and interesting magazine informing the public about the activities in Arizona. And is well read not only in the state of Arizona, but in many other states as well. The photographs are always superb and imaginative. No doubt, at many times, your photographers enter upon the Navajoland to capture the natural beauty of the land.

With the enclosed mandate, you will understand that our office should be contacted whenever one of your personnel wishes to make coverage within the boundaries of the Navajoland. The mandate is self-explanatory.

The Navajo Communications Board anticipates establishing a good-working relationship with your staff. If you have any other questions, please write a letter to me.

Virgil Wyaco, II Executive Planner Navajo Communications Board

RESOLUTION OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF THE NAVAJO TRIBAL COUNCIL Establishing a Plan of Operation for the Navajo Communications Board

WHEREAS: It is in the best interest of the Navajo Nation and the Navajo people that all filming and other activities concerning the preparation of movies, films, documents, news releases, books, pamphlets and brochures, conducted within the Navajo Nation, be regulated and controlled under an entity of the Navajo Tribe, and 2. Too many people and groups frequently enter upon the lands of the Navajo Nation for the purpose of taking films of the Navajo landscape and other materials without the consent of the Navajo Tribe in disregard of individual privacy or without regard for the property of the Navajo Nation and the Navajo people, and 3. Full protection and preservation of the scenic beauty and culture of the Navajo Nation can only be ensured by establishing a Tribal entity, with adequate and full authority to regulate all filming and other activities mentioned above, and 4. A Motion Picture Review Committee was established by Raymond Nakai, then Chairman of the Navajo Tribal Council, and on April 26, 1971, Chairman Peter MacDonald established the Navajo Communications Board which superseded the functions of the Motion Picture Review Committee, and on July 5, 1973, Chairman Peter MacDonald, by Executive Order, further enhanced the purpose and authority of the Navajo Communications Board.

NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED THAT: 1. The Advisory Committee of the Navajo Tribal Council hereby creates and establishes a Tribal entity to be known as the Navajo Communications Board.

2. The attached Plan of Operation for such Board is hereby approved and adopted as a part of this resolution, and may be amended from time to time by the Advisory Committee of the Navajo Tribal Council.

3. The Chairman of the Navajo Tribal Council is hereby authorized and empowered to do any and all things necessary, both direct and incidental, to accomplish the purpose of this resolution and the Plan of Operation.

4. Any person, organization, corporation, association or agencies of the United States Government, state governments, their political subdivisions or their agencies must obtain the Board's permission and permit prior to any kind of filming, photographing, recording, interviewing Navajo people for the development of films, books, news releases, pamphlets, brochures, documentaries, broadcasts, and other forms of written or pictorial description of the Navajo Nation, its environmental surroundings, and its people.

5. Henceforth, the Board is authorized to adopt and enforce such reasonable regulations as they deem necessary to execute the purpose of this resolution.

6. All monies collected by the Navajo Communications Board still in Account Number 8450 shall be transferred to a revolving account designated by the Office of the Controller and shall be used by the Navajo Communications Board in its establishment and operation.

CERTIFICATION

I hereby certify that the foregoing resolution was duly considered by the Advisory Committee of the Navajo Tribal Council at a duly called meeting at Window Rock, Navajo Nation (Arizona), at which a quorum was pres-ent and that same was passed by a vote of 14 in favor and 1 opposed, this 18th day of April, 1974.

Wilson C. Skeet Vice Chairman Navajo Tribal Council

EDITOR'S NOTE:

In the best interests of all parties concerned, we feel that we must print Mr. Wyaco's letter and the mandate enclosed therewith.

ARIZONA HIGHWAYS MAGAZINE does not employ staff photographers nor staff writers. All material except that prepared and compiled by Joseph Stacey and Wesley Holden is obtained through free lance sources. Our policy, based on ethics, customs and laws of the United States of America, does not include the right to prescribe the method nor restrict the fields related to free lance writers, artists and photographers.

This magazine has always, by discerning selection, presented the positive aspects of our land and all the peoples. We print Mr. Wyaco's letter and mandate for the amazement and enlightenment of all persons concerned, calling special attention to item No. 4 under: THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED THAT:We appreciate Mr. Wyaco's interest in our magazine, which is "well read" in more than 80 countries and in each of the 50 United States of America.

JOSEPH STACEY

INSIDE BACK COVER BACK COVER

US-13 Forest cascade below Mt. Hood. Ramona Falls, Oregon.